Glutamine affects the regulatory system for E. coli glutamine synthetase so as to promote the adenylylation of glutamine synthetase and inhibit the deadenylylation. Why do these effects make good metabolic sense?
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Q: formation of the acyl-enzyme complex
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Glutamine : It is an alpha amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamine acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide.
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- Using the ActiveModel for aldose reductase, describe the structure of the TIM barrel motif and the structure and location of the active site.Allosteric Regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase by ATP and Deoxynucleotides Describe the underlying rationale for the regulatory effects exerted on ribonucleotide reductase by ATP, dATP, dTTP, and dGTP.Describe two types of regulation of the enzyme glutamine synthetase and explain why the regulation of this enzyme is soooo complex.
- . Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionWhen the identical subunits of chicken liver fatty acid synthase are dissociated in vitro, all of the activities can be detected in the separated subunits except for the β-ketoacyl synthase reaction and the overall synthesis of palmitate. Explain these observations.Phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) is a potent inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamoylase because itmimics the two physiological substrates of the enzyme. However, in the presence of substrates, lowconcentrations of PALA increase the reaction rate of aspartate transcarbamoylase. Explain this result.
- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) is a reagent that reacts with Asp or Glu residues. Explain why the reaction of DCCD with the c subunits of F1F0-ATP ase blocks its ATP-synthesizing activity.The mitochondrial form of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate. Briefly describe a rationale for this effect.“Caspase” describes the catalytic activity of this enzyme. What amino acyl residue participates in the catalytic mechanism? What substrate motif does caspase-8 recognize?
- Orotic aciduria results when one of the enzyme activities of UMP synthetase is absent. This syndrome is characterized by large amounts of orotic acid in the blood and urine, megaloblastic anemia (characterized by large, immature , and dysfunctional red blood cells) and retarded growth. Suggest a possible treatment for this condition.In the liver, fructose can be converted into glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate without passing through the phosphofructokinase-regulated reaction. Show the reactions that make this conversion possible. Why might ingesting high levels of fructose have deleterious physiological effects?Why does it make metabolic sense for UTP to inhibit carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, whereas ATP activates the enzyme?