he person who requires high return regardles bf nsk s called (a There 1s no difference between return d riok preference. Drish averse O risk neutral (indifferent) (ay risk seeking
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- 8) Three decision makers have assessed utilities for the problem whose payoff table appearsbelow.s1 s2 s3d1 500 100 -400d2 200 150 100d3 -100 200 300probability.2 .6 .2Indifference Probability for PersonPayoff A B C300 .95 .68 .45200 .94 .64 .32150 .91 .62 .28100 .89 .60 .22-100 .75 .45 .10a. Plot the utility function for each decision maker.b. Characterize each decision maker's attitude toward risk.c. Which decision will each person prefer?. If you examine the decision tree in Figure 9.12 (orany other decision trees from PrecisionTree), you willsee two numbers (in blue font) to the right of each endnode. The bottom number is the combined monetaryvalue from following the corresponding path throughthe tree. The top number is the probability that thispath will be followed, given that the best strategy isused. With this in mind, explain (1) how the positiveprobabilities following the end nodes are calculated,(2) why some of the probabilities following the endnodes are 0, and (3) why the sum of the probabilitiesfollowing the end nodes is necessarily 1.Lela must decide to go on a winter trip to norway with the hope of seeing northern light would yield a utility level of 2,000 but she has only a 50% chance that they will show during the days of her trip. making the trip without seeing the lights would yield a utility level of 100 and there is 50 % chance of this happening. what is lela's expected utilty if show goes on the trip? a. 2,100 b.1,050 c.42 d.950
- Please no written by hand and no emage Suppose a company can select among two decisions (d1 and d2) and face three states of nature (s1, s2 and s3) with the following payoff table: Decision s1 s2 s3 d1 150 200 200 d2 50 200 500 The probabilities of s1, s2, and s3 are unknown. Using the optimistic approach, what is the optimal decision and what is the value of the payoff? Place the optimal decision in the first answer box and the maximum payoff used to arrive at this decision in the second.a. If the decision maker knows nothing about the probabilities of the fourstates of nature, what is the recommended decision using:i. the optimistic approachii. the conservative approachiii. the minimax regret approachiv. the Laplace methodRequired: Find EMV and recommend the course of action Find the EMV under certainty Use the EVC to find the EVPI Determine the opportunity loss table Find the course of action that minimises EOL S1 (0.3) S2(0.7) EMV A1 100 540 408 A2 150 (50) 10 A3 350 320 329
- Many decision problems have the following simplestructure. A decision maker has two possible decisions, 1 and 2. If decision 1 is made, a sure cost of c isincurred. If decision 2 is made, there are two possibleoutcomes, with costs c1 and c2 and probabilities p and1 2 p. We assume that c1 , c , c2. The idea is thatdecision 1, the riskless decision, has a moderate cost,whereas decision 2, the risky decision, has a low costc1 or a high cost c2.a. Calculate the expected cost from the riskydecision.b. List as many scenarios as you can think of thathave this structure. (Here’s an example to get youstarted. Think of insurance, where you pay a surepremium to avoid a large possible loss.) For eachof these scenarios, indicate whether you wouldbase your decision on EMV or on expected utilityA plaintiff believes that there is a 30% chance that he will winIf he wins, he will gain $50,000. It costs him $5000 in non‐recoverable litigation costs to take the case to court. If the plaintiff is risk‐neutral, which of the following is true? A) The plaintiff will take the case to court with an expected net‐gain of $10,000 B) The plaintiff will take the case to court with an expected net‐gain of $15,000 C) The plaintiff will not take the case to court because he is afraid of losing. D) None of the aboveDetermine whether or not to stock a large supply of steel. There is uncertainty in the price of steel. Based on past history the following data are available Price (future) Prob (Price) PW if stocked PW if not stocked High 0.3 100000 0 Medium 0.5 -10000 0 Low 0.2 -50000 0 What is the probability that stocking steel will result in a negative present worth (PW)?
- * Please be advised this is for practice preperation only ** i just really need help on this - I dont undertsand Which of the following is true?(a) This game has 2 subgames.(b) “Play A” is an example of a possible strategy for Player 1.(c) “Play C ” is an example of a possible strategy for Player 2.(d) “Play A in the beginning, and play H if P2 chooses C” is an example of a possible strategy for Player 1.(e) “Play G after A, and Play H after B” is an example of a possible strategy for Player 2.Only typed answer and please don't use chatgpt otherwise I downvote the answer Q = 12S1/2P-2. Q is number of newspapers sold and S is number of inches of news printed. The cost of reporting S units is $10S. The cost of printing one copy of the newspaper is $0.08, so the total cost of Q = $10S + .08Q. How many copies will be sold at the profit maximizing price when S = 100? Round (up) to the nearest newspaper.[A] Suppose that a drug company has developed an ointment that can be used to treat sores and reduce scarring. Surveys indicated that the ointment, which costs $10,000 for a full course of treatment, can improve the quality of life from 0.6 to 0.7 for patients with this problem. Assume that this population has a life expectancy of 70 years. No need to worry about discounting. 1. What is the Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) for taking the ointment over doing nothing for a typical 20-year-old patient? [Hint: This patient has only 50 years of life remaining.] 2. If the cost-effectiveness threshold is $5,000 per QALYS, will the 20-year-old patient choose to get the ointment? What about a 60-year-old patient? [B] Is it appropriate to evaluate a healthcare intervention using various methods of economic evaluation as discussed in this course, or should we choose one primary method that best fits the analysis?