Hookworms, parasitic nematodes transmitted through contact between bare feet and soil, infect nearly a half billion people. In the small SE Asian nation of Timor-Leste, infection rates in some regions approach 70%, and the resulting anemia from these infections has a serious impact on quality of life. Health officials are concerned by a recent rise in Ivermectin-resistant cases in the isolated enclave of Oecussi, and are worried about these drug resistance genes spreading to the capital Dili, 165 km away. You genotype diploid female hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, from 100 patients in each location for a neutral locus with two alleles A1 & A2. You find the following genotypic count data: A1/A1 A1/A2 A2/A2 Oecussi 36 48 16 Dili 9 42 3a. Use these data to calculate FST between these two populations. 3b. Assuming that these two populations are in drift/migration equilibrium, what is the effective number of migrants moving between them each generation

Hookworms, parasitic nematodes transmitted through contact between bare feet and soil, infect nearly a half billion people. In the small SE Asian nation of Timor-Leste, infection rates in some regions approach 70%, and the resulting anemia from these infections has a serious impact on quality of life. Health officials are concerned by a recent rise in Ivermectin-resistant cases in the isolated enclave of Oecussi, and are worried about these drug resistance genes spreading to the capital Dili, 165 km away. You genotype diploid female hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, from 100 patients in each location for a neutral locus with two alleles A1 & A2. You find the following genotypic count data: A1/A1 A1/A2 A2/A2 Oecussi 36 48 16 Dili 9 42 3a. Use these data to calculate FST between these two populations. 3b. Assuming that these two populations are in drift/migration equilibrium, what is the effective number of migrants moving between them each generation

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CS: There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s....

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There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?
Data shows that people living with non-communicable diseases (PLWNCDs) are already at a higher risk of severe complications from COVID-19, more likely to be hospitalized, and at a higher risk of death. To make matters worse, the conditions under which they are living during thepandemic have potentially compromised their health even further and increased their risk of falling victim to the virus a. Discuss FIVE factors which may have exacerbated the health of PLWNCDs during theCOVID-19 pandemic exposing them to greater risk. b. For any of the factors mentioned above, comment on TWO approaches that countries may use to curb these challenges.
Suppose that the health department of city A mounts a suc-cessful campaign to get children immunized against measles.Only 100 out of 10,000 children fail to receive the vaccine. Nowsuppose that city B, the same size as city A, has not carried out asuccessful measles vaccination program. Of the 10,000 childrenin city B, 5,000 had measles when the disease last struck thepopulation.(a) If a child with measles moves to city A, what is thechance that child will encounter a susceptiblechild?(b) If a child with measles moves to city B, what isthe chance that child will encounter a susceptiblechild?(c) Comparing the two scenarios, which city has thehigher herd immunity, and in which city is aninfected child more likely to transmit the diseaseto a susceptible child?
Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenes
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
A report from the U.S. National Academy of Sciencesand the National Academy of Medicine is recommendingthat germ-line therapy trials only be consideredfor serious conditions for which there is no reasonablealternative treatment option, and where both the risk–benefit options and broad oversight are available. Is thiskind of procedure ethical?
Within the light organ, bacteria are protected and nourished, and rapidly increase in number. At night, theyprovide the light needed for counterillumination. But by dawn, as the squid prepares to hide in the sand forthe day, it ejects about 95% of the bacteria from the light organ. a) Write a possible explanation for why eliminating 95% of the bacteria present in the light organ isnecessary. b) Once the light organ is colonized, the squid no longer takes in Vibrio fischeri or other bacteria from theenvironment. Explain how a sufficiently large population of bacteria can be maintained in the light organto produce light.
As a municipal fisheries officer (MFO) you were assigned to investigate a report in the occurrence ofpoor breeding activities of fresh water tilapia in a barangay involved in tilapia aquaculture. It wasalso reported that the fry produced are weak and are always affected by fungal and bacterialinfection. You have ordered a blood and tissue analysis of the fry and the broodstock and the resultsare:• Prostaglandin in the blood of broodstock are low as compared to normal values.• Eicosanoids levels in the larvae were below the normal levels. 1. With these results, what major dietary nutrients would you order to be analyzed ?2. Wat major nutrients would you suspect is inadequate and are causing these problems. (Bearin mind that this is a freshwater fish.)3. Discuss what are the role of this/these nutrients in Fish breeding and immune responses.
A4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signs of infectionor cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanted a prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommended watching the infant for two days before making a decision. He explained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibiotic resistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are now resistant to several antibiotics. The mother wasnot placated by these explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibiotics immediately. This situation raises several issues. Question How should the pediatrician balance his ethical responsibility to provide effective treatment to the present patient with…
A4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signs of infectionor cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanted a prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommended watching the infant for two days before making a decision. He explained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibiotic resistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are now resistant to several antibiotics. The mother wasnot placated by these explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibiotics immediately. This situation raises several issues. Question: If the infant was given antibiotics, how might this have contributed to the production of resistant bacteria?