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1. How are traits passed from parents to offspring?
2. Why is Mendel called the Father of Genetics?
3. What are alleles, genes and gametes.
4. The results of Mendel's dihybrid crosses have a ratio of 9:3:3:1. However, in nature, there are pseudo deviations of Mendel's laws. What is Mendel's Law pseudo deviation? Name the types and make comparisons
5. What is meant by crossover? And what phase does it occur in Mitosis
6. Write down the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis cell division
7. Why are farmers encouraged to use certified seeds in planting oil palm? Write down your reasons in full.
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- Part 1: Mendelian Genetics 1. For each of the genotypes Purple Flowers are Dominant to white flowers PP - Purple Pp - Purple pp-White Straight hair is dominant to curly hair below, list all possible phenotypes. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes Straight - HH, Hh Curly - hh BB- Bb bb- 2. For each of the phenotypes below, list all possible genotypes. (Remember: use only 1 letter to designate a trait, big and small per scenario) Pointed heads are dominant to round heads Black fur is dominant to white fur Pointed - Round - FF - Ff- ff - Jagged leaves are dominant to smooth leaves Jagged - Smooth -1. Mendel did not find linkage in his experiments. a. Is it possible that, just by selecting traits that were not phenotypically correlated in any of his F2 offspring, that Mendel deliberately chose pairs of traits that were truly independent in a statistical sense? After all, the chromosome theory had not been developed in Mendel’s day.1. The genes for the traits that Mendel worked with are either located on different chromosomes or so far apart on the same chromosome that crossing over almost always occurs between them. How did this circumstance help Mendel recognize the principle of independent assortment? a. Otherwise, his dihybrid crosses would not have produced a 9: 3: 3:1 ratio of F2 phenotypes. b. The occurrence of individuals with unexpected phenotypes led him to the discovery of recombination c. It led him to the realization that the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis explained his results. d. It meant that the alleles involved were either dominant recessive, which gave 3: 1 ratios in the F1 generation. 2. A child is born to a mother whose blood group is B and a father whose blood group is A. The child is of blood group A. According to this which of the following is true? A. The mother has Bombay blood group. B. The child's father is some other man. C. This is a normal case. D. The child has genotype…
- 4. In analyzing genetic crosses, it is often necessary to examine more than one trait that is inherited in offspring. Mendel derived his Law of independent assortment of alleles by examining two traits at once. You can follow in Mendel's footsteps by working through a slightly more complex cross-a dihybrid cross-in which you can determine the probabilities of how two different traits can manifest in the offspring. Consider the two traits in pea plants that were discussed above-height (T, t) and pea color (Y, y). A dihybrid cross to trace transmission of these alleles into offspring would involve two hybrid parents, which means both of their genotypes would be TtYy. Imagine that you cross these two parents together-what types of offspring could you possibly get? a. What combination of alleles T, t, Y and y would be found in the gametes of a TtYy parent? b. Using the Punnett square below, distribute the maternal gametes onto the vertical axis and the paternal gametes onto the horizontal…11. In his original work on the genetics of garden peas, Mendel found that yellow seed color (YY, Yy) is dominant over green seeds (yy) and that round seed shape (RR, Rr) is dominant over shrunken seeds (rr). Mendel crossed pure-breeding (homozygous) yellow, round-seeded plants with green, shrunken-seeded plants. a. What will be the genotype and phenotype of the F1 produced from such a cross? genotype. phenotype. b. If the F, plants are crossed, what will be the expected phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation?Part 2: Non-Mendelian Genetics 6. For each of the genotypes below, list all possible phenotypes. Purple Flowers are dominant white flowers are recessive and heterozygous flowers are lavender. PP- Pp- pp Brown eyes are dominant, blue eyes are recessive, and heterozygous eyes are green. BB- Bb - bb- Black fur is dominant, white fur is recessive, and heterozygous fur is grey. FF - Ff- ff - 7. A woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type AB blood. Show ALL the possible crosses the child may have.
- 4. You are spending a summer in Austria following up on some of Mendel's work. You are studying the inheritance of a new mutant allele that causes white flower color (the dominant, wild-type flower color is red). You are also working with a recessive allele that results in dwarf plants relative to the wild- type dominant tall condition. One plant (named plant A) is tall with red flowers. When you test-cross plant A to a dwarf plant with white flowers you count the following progeny: 94 tall red flower; 86 dwarf white flower; 6 tall white flower and 14 dwarf red flowers. A second plant (Plant B) also is tall with red flowers. When you test-cross plant B to a dwarf plant with white flowers you count the following progeny: 4 tall red flower; 6 dwarf white flower; 45 tall white flower and 45 dwarf red flowers. If you cross plants A and B to each other, what percentage of the progeny do you expect to be dwarf with white flowers?1. The gene for tall is dominant over dwarf in the garden pea plant used by Mendel. A pea plant that comes from a line of plants that are all tall is crossed with a dwarf pea plant. What is the phenotype of the Fi generation? What is (are) its genotype(s)? Character/s: Alleles: a Genotype: 9 Genotype: Cross: Genotype/s: Phenotype/s: Genotypic Ratio: Activate V Go to Setting Phenotypic Ratio:3. Mendel crossed that was homozygous dominant for flower color and heterozygous for height with a plant that was heterozygous for flower color and homozygous recessive for height. Do a punnet square and calculate possible genotypes and phenotypes of this cross. Dominant for flower color = P (purple) Recessive for flower color = p (white) Dominant for height = T (tall) Recessive for height =t (short) %3D P1: PP X Tt Pp X tt PT Pt PT Pt Pt PPTT PPtt PPTT PPtt Pt PPTT PPtt PPTt PPtt pt PpTt Pptt PpTt Pptt pt PpIt Pptt PpTt Genotypes: Phenotypes: Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic:
- 11. Perform two consecutive crosses similar to those of Mendel for the following individual plants. Plants with round seeds (RR) are crossing with plants with wrinkled seeds (rr). After the first cross, cross the offspring together to generate F, offspring. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ration of F,? Round : wrinkled 3 1 phenotypic ratio: RR: Rr: rr Genotypic ratio: 1: 2: 1 12. Perform two consecutive crosses between these two plants, GGHH x gghh, as in question #11.7. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant results in a Identify the type of non-Mendelian genetics described. Write A on the blank if the item describes incomplete dominance, B if it describes codominance, and C if the item describes multiple alleles. 1. It is also known as blended inheritance because neither of the genes is able to mask the other. a 2. The offspring has both alleles and both are equally dominant. 3. The genes contain three or more alleles. 4. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant results violet-flowered plant. 5. More than two alleles can code for a gene. 6. It is a gene expression in which the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the parents. plant with red and blue flowers.1 Name Non-Mendelian Genetics Part 1: Incomplete Dominance In radishes, the gene that controls color exhibits incomplete dominance. Pure-breeding red radishes (RR) crossed with pure- breeding white radishes (rr) make purple radishes. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios when you cross a purple radish with a white radish? Genotype Probabilities: Phenotype Probabilities: Crosses between a yellow rat and a yellow rat always produce yellow rats (YY). Crosses between a white rat and a white rat always produce white rats (yy). But crosses of a white with a yellow produce a cream rat. What are the genotype and phenotype ratios if you cross two creams? Genotype Probabilities: Phenotype Probabilities: Part 2: Co-dominance In chickens, Black feathers (B) are co-dominant with White feathers (W). The hybrid is checkered. Cross a checkered chicken with a black chicken to determine the possible phenotypes for the baby chicks. Possible phenotypes: In cattle, red fur (R) is co-dominant with…
