How do effects of pH, salt composition, and solute valence on partitioning of bioproducts compare in organic-solvent and aqueous two-phase extraction?

What is meant by the statement “orthogonal analysis methods should be used for characterization of impurities”? Why do bacterial and plant cells require partial destruction prior to osmotic lysis? How can the partial destruction be achieved?

If I add 10 microliters of a culture at 106 cells/mL to 990 microliters of nutrient broth, what is the cell density in the new solution?

In an electrostatic interaction, the strength of the bond is: Oa) proportional to the charges on the two interacting atoms. b) proportional to the dielectric constant of the medium. c) proportional to the charges of the two atoms and to the dielectric constant of the medium. d) proportional to the Charges of the two atoms and inversely proportional to the distance between the two atoms e) inversely proportional to the distance between the two atoms.