How is clonal selection related to the vast number of possible B and T-cell receptor binding conformations? Draw a picture to illustrate your explanation.
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How is clonal selection related to the vast number of possible B and T-cell receptor binding conformations? Draw a picture to illustrate your explanation.
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- How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the receptors of helper T cells. Explain the mechanisms and why it is that such an interaction or signal does not usually result in an autoimmune reaction?Which of the following statements regarding T cells activated by specific antigen is incorrect? a. They receive co-stimulatory signals through CD28. b. They suppress expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate (SIP). c. They take several days before differentiating into effector T cells. d. They cease to secrete and respond to interleukin-2 (IL-2). e. They begin to express CTLA4, which serves to limit T-cell proliferation.
- All of the following are characteristic of regulatory T cells except a. they express CD25 b. they facilitate the proliferation of naive T cells interacting with the same antigen-presenting cell c. they express CD4 d. they express the transcriptional repressor FoxP3 e. they express MHC class II-restricted T-cell receptors specific for self antigen.Why do you think two signals are required for B- and T-cell activation but only one signal is required for activation of an APC?Outline the process of B-cell activation against a T-dependent antigen.
- In which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that apply.) a. T-cell receptors are generated through somatic recombination. b. The T-cell repertoire encompasses a very large degree of diversity. c. T-cell receptors are never secreted subsequent to antigen encounter. d. The variable region of T-cell receptors contains complementarity-determining regions that interact with antigen. e. T-cell receptors are used solely for the purpose of antigen recognition and not for effector function.Which of the following is part of the T-cell clonal deletion process? a) T-cells are eliminated if they bind to B-cells b) Lymphocytes that bind to MHC undergo apoptosis c) T-cells that bind to the same antigen as B-cells are eliminated d) Lymphocytes that react to autoantigens undeHow does the design of CAR T-cell therapies address the limitation of requiring 2 signals for full T cell activation?
- According to the clonal selection theory, all immunoglobulin molecules in an individual B cell have the same antigenic specificity. Explain why the presence of IgM and IgD on the same B cell does not violate the nonspecificity implied by clonal selection.Compare and contrast the process of antigen recognition in T cells and BAll of the following are examples of how tumors or the microenvironment in which they develop suppress immune responses except _____. a. induction of T-cell anergy b. peptide splicing of self proteins c. cleavage of MIC glycoproteins from tumor-cell surfaces d. TGF-β-induced recruitment of regulatory T cells e. release of TGF-β and IL-10 by regulatory T cells.
