In our evolution case study, the bird population initially had three beak size phenotypes--small, medium, and large. Following the drought, you correctly predicted that the next generation would have exclusively large and medium beaked birds as the smallest food source had died out. Which of the following accurately describes why there were no small beaked birds in the next generation?
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- Which of these scenarios is an example of disruptive selection? Darker colored morphs in a butterfly population are more adaptive than lighter colored morphs, and lighter colored morphs are eliminated from the population. Intermediate gray morphs of a butterfly population are maintained, and the extreme dark and light color morphs have been eliminated. The dark and light color morphs of a butterfly population are maintained, and the intermediate gray morph has been eliminated from the population. A new, unique color form arises from a mutation in a population of butterflies.Evolution determines the change in inherited traits over time to ensure survival. There are three variants identified as Variant 1 with high reproductive rate, eats fruits and seeds; Variant 2, thick fur, produces toxins; and Variant 3 with thick fur, fast and resistant to disease. These variants are found in a cool, wet, and soil environment. In time 0 years with cool and wet environment, the population is 50,000 with 10,000 Variant 1, 15,000 Variant 2, and 25,000 of Variant 3. Two thousand years past, the environment remained the same with constant average temperature and rainfall. Variant 1 with a population of 26,000, Variant 2, 35,000, and Variant 3, 62,000. A disease spread throughout the population. However the population increased to 72,000. Determine the percentage increase in the population of the variants.The graph shown here is from a natural selection lab in which students "hunt" for candy in different simulated environments. Examine the graph and answer the questions below it. Approximately how many of each candy species were present in generation 1 (round to the nearest 10)? Which candy species was the least able to hide from the predators in Generation 3? Which candy species had the best survival rate throughout the first four generations of the simulation? Does this data support the hypothesis that Snikers were the most fit for the simulated environment? Please answer yes or no
- Darwin’s finches have different beaks in terms of size and shape to be able to eat different food sources like insects, nectar, and seeds. Cactus finches have longer, more pointed beaks to probe cactus flowers compared to their relatives, the ground finches. If a plant disease killed a large portion of the cacti on the Galapagos islands, what would the future populations of finches look like in terms of beak size and shape? Use your knowledge of natural selection to determine which option is most likely. Ground finches would survive and pass on their shorter and wider beaks, so there would be a higher proportion of finches in future generations that have short and wide beaks. Ground finches would survive and pass on their beaks, but they would mate with the remaining cactus finches, creating a new hybrid that is somewhere between short versus long and narrow versus wide. Cactus finches would compete for food with ground finches and exhibit resource partitioning, so the beaks…Consider the following example. In Alaska, different individuals of foxes can be brown, white, grey or black. In 2018, the population was 25% brown fur, 25% white fur, 25% grey fur and 25% black fur. The polar vortex in 2019 killed many of the foxes. When scientists measured the frequencies of foxes in 2023, they found that 50% were brown, 25% were white and 25% were black. Which force of evolution has occurred? A. Founder Effect B. Gene Flow C. Population Bottleneck D. MutationScientists have long believed that the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved from a single species of finch that migrated to the islands one to five million years ago. Recent DNA analyses support the conclusion that all of the Galapagos finches evolved from the mainland warbler finch. Different species live on different islands. One of the major changes in the finches is in their beak sizes and shapes. How would an evolutionary biologist today best answer the following question? In the finch population, what are the primary changes that occur gradually over time? A. The proportions of finches having different traits within a population change. B. The traits of each finch within a population gradually change. C. Mutations occur to meet the needs of the finches as the environment changes. D. Successful behaviors learned by the finches are passed on to offspring.
- Refer to the figure above. In their investigation of natural selection on Mc1r alleles (the gene that determines coat color) in Arizona pocket mice, Hoekstra et al. determined the frequency of the D and d alleles in each population. They also determined the frequency of alleles for two neutral mitochondrial DNA genes (genes that do not affect and are not linked to coat color). Why did the researchers include the mitochondrial DNA genes as part of their experimental design? Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and determines coat-color differences among these populations. Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on coat-color differences among these populations. Allele…The peppered moth, Biston betularia, occurs as light- or dark-colored variants. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the light-colored moths were more prevalent because they could camouflage well on lichen-covered trees. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and increasing air pollution, dark-colored moths became more prevalent. What is the type of evolutionary force at work? Why do the darker moths become more prevalent? A. directional selection; because lighter moths were killed by the air pollution B. directional selection; because darker moths escaped being spotted by predators C. genetic drift; because lighter moths were killed by the air pollution D. genetic drift; because darker moths escaped being spotted by predatorsThe following table provides phenotypic data for a population of mammoths living in cold environments based on fossil and DNA evidence. Based on this data and your knowledge of natural selection, which explanation best explains the trends seen in the data? Individuals with thicker fur had a survival advantage in the cold environment, allowing these individuals to reproduce more often and create more offspring. Individuals within this population of mammoths tend to only mate with individuals that have thick fur. This population of mammoths appear to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium since no allele frequencies are changing over time. Individuals with thick fur migrated into the population of mammoths, increasing the proportion of these individuals.
- Assume you are studying a population of ocean shrimp that reproduce asexually. You sequence the ocean shrimp and the species that is their closest living relative that reproduces sexually. You find that the asexually reproducing species has a higher number of mutations in the genome. This finding would provide support for which of the following ideas? Linkage disequilibrium Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Muller's ratchetA population of fish live on the bottom of a lake and are eaten by bigger fish. Color is a heritable trait in this population and the fish can either be green or brown. One day some people accidentally spill some chemicals in the lake and the bottom of the lake turns green. The green fish are now more camouflaged from the bigger fish and get eaten less often than the brown fish. Eventually all the brown fish get eaten and only the green fish remain. This is an example of which evolutionary mechanism? Group of answer choices Artificial selection Gene flow Natural selection Genetic drift MutationWhat evolutionary mechanism is occuring in each of the following examples, justify your answer: In a population of Darwin’s Finches (Geospiza sp.) there is a large variation in beak size. Grass and mallow seeds can only be eaten by finches with small beaks. Seeds from thorn shrubs can only be eaten by birds with larger, thicker beaks. During a series of years with less rain, grasses and mallows are unable to reproduce and so only thorn shrub seeds are present. Over the course of this drought, the average size of finch beaks becomes larger. Columbine flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds and hawkmoths. Hawkmoths prefer to pollinate yellow flowers, while hummingbirds prefer to pollinate red flowers. Most flowers in a certain population are an intermediate orange color to attract both pollinators. Ensatina from one population are able to survive by camouflaging with their backgrounds. Ensatina from the other population are bright orange mimics of a poisonous newt (Taricha). Hybrid…