Which of the following scenarios depict the "Law of Unintended Consequences" as discussed in the topic of Government Failure?Antara senario berikut, yang manakah menggambarkan "Hukum Akibat Yang Tidak Diinginkan" seperti yang telah dibincangkan dalam topik Kegagalan Kerajaan?a. The Malaysian government issues a ban on the sale of RON95 petroleum to foreign registered cars to ensure that the petrol subsidy is given only toMalaysians.Kerajaan Malaysia melarang penjualan petroleum RON95 kepada kereta berdaftar asing bagi memastikan subsidi petrol hanya diberikan kepada rakyatMalaysia.b. The government provides free Covid-19 vaccinations to the public but there still remains a minority group of anti-vaxxers.Kerajaan menyediakan vaksin Covid-19 secara percuma kepada orang ramai tetapi masih terdapat kumpulan minoriti yang anti vaksinasi.c. The government raises the price of cigarettes to curb smoking but this results in the loss of revenues from cigarette taxes as consumers resort tosmuggled cigarettes instead.Kerajaan menaikkan harga rokok untuk membendung gejala merokok tetapi ini mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil daripada cukai rokok kerana pengguna beralihkepada rokok haram.d. The government drafts many laws against environmental pollution but suffer from lack of enforcement of these laws due to budgetary constraints. In the diagram below, when the competitive market is taken over by the monopolist, the monopolist is able to enjoy producer surplus in terms of the area(s)_Dalam rajah di bawah, apabila pasaran kompetitif diambil alih oleh monopoli, monopoli dapat menikmati lebihan pengeluar sebanyak kawasanPrice / Harga (P)DCBAC.EBCEHFd. BCEFLinGQMHQcSS = MC*MRMa. BCEH minus GFH / BCEH tolak GFHDD = Pb. BCEF minus GFH / BCEF tolak GFHOutput (Q)

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In the diagram below, when the competitive market is taken over by the monopolist, the monopolist is able to enjoy producer surplus in terms of the area(s)_ Dalam rajah di bawah, apabila pasaran kompetitif diambil alih oleh monopoli, monopoli dapat menikmati lebihan pengeluar sebanyak kawasan Price / Harga (P) E SS = MC* C H F ES B A G DD = P MRM QM Qc D a. BCEH minus GFH / BCEH tolak GFH C. Lin b. BCEF minus GFH / BCEF tolak GFH BCEH Output (Q) d. BCEF