In the figure, what does the node indicated by the red dot represent? Lampreys Cartilaginous fishes Ray-finned fishas Lobe-finned fishes Amphibians Mammals Snakes Turtles Crocodilians Birds ) The most recent common ancestor of birds and crocodilians ) The last descendent of turtles O The most recent common ancestor of all tetrapods O A population that would result from the hybridization of birds and crocodilians

In the figure, what does the node indicated by the red dot represent? Lampreys Cartilaginous fishes Ray-finned fishas Lobe-finned fishes Amphibians Mammals Snakes Turtles Crocodilians Birds ) The most recent common ancestor of birds and crocodilians ) The last descendent of turtles O The most recent common ancestor of all tetrapods O A population that would result from the hybridization of birds and crocodilians

Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)

5th Edition

ISBN:9781305117396

Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter15: Animal Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4CT

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The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.
House sparrows (Maya) were introduced to North America in 1852. Since that time thesparrows have evolved different characteristics in different locations. Sparrow populations inthe north are larger-bodied than sparrow populations in the south. This divergence inpopulations is probably at least partly a result of natural selection: larger-bodied birds canoften survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather in the northmay select for larger-bodied birds. What type of evolution based on natural selectionaccounts for this observation? Explain your answer.
Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
. The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similarskeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones inwhales have very different shapes and proportions. However,genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms divergedfrom a common ancestor at about the same time. Which ofthe following is the most likely explanation for these data?(A) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, butnot in whales.(B) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted insignificant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.(C) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.(D) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?
A scientist is attempting to a cladogram that shows the evolutionary closeness of three organisms in relation to humansAfter doing DNA analysis, they that the organisms share the following percentages of DNA Organism A and humans share 85% of their DNA Organismn and humans share 80% of their DNA Organism and humans share 90% of their DNA Based on informationwhich order should they go on the cladogram ( related to most related ?
This is a potential phylogenetic tree created by anthropologists at UC Berkeley.A-Ardipithecus ramidusB-Australopithecus anamensisC-Australopithecus afarensisD-Australopithecus africanusE-Paranthropus aethiopicusF-Paranthropus robustusG-Paranthropus boiseiH-Australopithecus garhiI-Homo rudolfensisJ-Homo habilusK-Homo ergasterL-Homo erectusM-Homo heidelbergensisN-Homo neanderthalensisO-Homo sapiens What kinds of evidence to you think anthropologists used to create this tree?
Imagine that you are an evolutionary biologist currenyly studying a particular species of snake on an island off the coast of Durban, South Africa and that you have information indicating that1000 years ago, the same species of snakes in that island was observed to exist in a variety of colours (Red blue,yellow green) and that most of the snakes were blue. This same species of snakes and the same mixof colours were also found on the mainland (i.e Kwazulu Natal) Assuming that all the snakes are descended from an ancestral blue snake, explain this change in colour frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes. a. Natural selection b. Bottleneck effect c. Founder effect
With improving technology, acquiring DNAsequences from different organisms becomeseasier each year. With that in mind, some authors(e.g., Scotland et al. 2003, Systematic Biology52 [4]: 539–548) have suggested that the use ofmorphological data is less important than DNAsequence data and have called for less emphasison the use of comparative morphology in building phylogenies. Other authors maintain thatdespite the explosion of molecular data available, morphology still has an important role inphylogenetics (for examples, see Wiens 2004,Systematic Biology 53 [4]: 653–661 and Will andRubinoff 2004, Cladistics 20 [1]: 47–55). Whatare the reasons for and against using morphological data in phylogenetic reconstruction?When might morphological data be especiallyimportant?
Whereas most sarcopterygiians are oviparous (lay eggs), some sharks have viviparity (live birth) similar to that seen in mammals. This shared characteristic is an example of _______. a homologous trait an analogous trait divergent evolution a synapomorphy an ancestral trait
DNA-sequencing studies for a gene in two closely relatedspecies produce the following numbers of sites that vary:Synonymous polymorphisms 50Nonsynonymous polymorphisms 20Synonymous species differences 18Nonsynonymous species differences 2Does this result support neutral evolution of the gene?Does it support an adaptive replacement of aminoacids? What explanation would you offer for theobservations?
The phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?