In vision, vitamin A serves as a cofactor for key enzymatic reactions needed for vision is covalently attached to an eye protein to make a photon sensor is a molecule that changes structure in response to light, and then interacts with opsin to send a visual signal provides critical anti oxidant functions to the retina
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- Which of the following statements about the malate-aspartate shuttle is false? a) 2.5 ATPs are formed per cytoplasmic NADH shuttled. b) Transamination is involved. c) Cytoplasmic oxaloacetate is converted to malate. d) Mitochondrial malate is converted to oxaloacetate. e) Antiport transport is not involved.The cell uses NADPH as the source of electrons for the synthesis of fatty acids. How many NADPH molecules would be used when a C18:1 cis-Δ9 fatty acid is synthesized from acetyl-CoA precursors? (Hint: fatty acid synthase produces fully saturated fatty acids. An additional step is needed to create an unsaturation.)Statins are competitive inhibitors that target HMG CoA reductase to decrease plasma cholesterol. a) What effect statin has on the enzyme's Km, b) How can we reverse a competitive inhibitor's effect? a) Increases Km, b) Increasing the [S] a) decreasing Km, b) Increasing the [S] a) Increases Km, b) decreasing the [S] a) No effect on Km, b) Inhibitor cannot be reversed
- Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine as shown in Figures 25.37, 25.38, and 25.48 to determine where the carbon atoms in PEP and erythrose-4-P would end up in acetoacetate and fumarate.Under extensive energy needs cells are constantly converting sugar into CO2 as a result of cellular respiration. In order for this process to occur cells need a significant amount of Oxygen. Explain how the production of CO2 and other biproducts of cellular respiration leads to efficient delivery of Oxygen to the cell. ( hint: think T&R state)Name what is asked: a. enzyme that is inhibited in the glycolytic pathway whenever the cell has ample ATP and is well supplied by other fuels such as fatty acidsb. resulting molecule(s) during the investment phase of glycolysisc. glycolytic substrate which is the precursor of the pentose phosphate pathway
- Ethanol is especially toxic in children for several reasons.For example, ethanol consumption results in elevated levelsof NADH in the liver. Suggest a mechanism that explainsthis phenomenon.Penicillin functions by inhibiting an enzyme, transpeptidase, that catalyzes the last step in the bacteria's metabolism which synthesises bacterial the cell-wall. Why does inhibition of this enzyme make Penicilin such an effective medicine in humans, with so few side effects? A. Inhibiting enzymes like this always slows the metabolism of an organism. B. The enzyme is not inhibited in humans because we have resistance to the penicillin. C. The enzyme is part of an essential pathway in the bacteria, which does not exist in humans. D. Inhibiting the enzymes stops respiration in the bacteria, killing quickly.Pollutants such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs)are usually spotty in their distributions in bodies of water. Thuseven if HAHs are present, fish might be able to avoid beingexposed to them. Suppose you want to determine if the fishliving in an industrialized harbor are in fact more exposed toHAHs than fish in a more pristine harbor. Why might a study ofliver P450 enzymes be particularly useful for your purposes?
- A drug with which of the following molecular mechanisms of action would be least likely to function as a DHFR inhibitor? a.Increase DHFR degradation b.Block substrate from binding to the DHFR active site c.Alter folding to increase NADPH cofactor bindingWith appropriate chemical reactions and with all the catalysts involved explain the differences between the MVA and MEP pathway.Sketch the arrow pushing mechanism of the hydrolysis of phospho-serine by the emzyme phosphatase. The enzyme has a catalytic diad. Cys (pka 8.2) and glu (pka 4.3)