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Can i have an example for insulin please
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- The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in the image. One of the pathway steps is the phosphorylation of IκBα. Which of the following best describes the role IκBα phosphorylation plays in the signaling pathway and what the modification of IκBα does? IκBα activates the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor. IκBα inhibits the activation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for the nuclear transcription factor to transcribe DNA. IκBα inhibits the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for IκBα degradation and allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus. IκBα activates the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor, which allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.Describe the action of the following molecular playersin signal transduction pathways: growth factors, growthfactor receptors, kinase cascades, and transcriptionfactorsSteroid hormones are required by the body at puberty and into adolescence to regulate growth and cell division at more rapid pace than in later life. This regulation occurs via their interaction with cellular receptors and the signaling cascades/pathways that follow. Describe for me the difference between the two major classes of steroids, anabolic and catabolic steroids. What might you expect the result of signaling cascades to be in cells receiving either anabolic or catabolic “signals”? (B) At some point in late adolescence, steroid production decreases by almost 100 fold, as we transition into “adulthood”. Why might we wish to stop these signals from constantly being in our blood stream, (like, Say, between 17-24 years of age)? What result might these steroids have on cancer cells where abhorrent signaling is already causing an increased rate of cell division/growth? Could steroid use result in Cancer?
- propose three festurs of a model to connect the genetic mutation you oredicted with the activity of a signaling pathway involving the LDS2B gene productSome elongation factors are evolutionarily related to the G-proteins involved in signal transduction. Provide a possible reason why this is the case.Through recombinant DNA methods, a modified steroid hormone receptor was prepared that consists of an estrogen receptor with its ligand-binding domain replaced by the ligandbinding domain from the progesterone receptor. Predict the expected responsiveness of gene expression for cells treated with estrogen or with progesterone.
- Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?Imagine the same cells as above that has 20,000 molecules of estrogen receptor at the start of your experiment. You treat the cell with alpha amanitin, but forgot to add cycloheximide. The steady state level of estrogen receptor mRNA transcripts in the cell is 200. Ecah transcript takes two minutes to be translated into estrogen receptor protein. Assuming none of the ER mRNAs in the cell decay during the course of the experiment, at your 1 hour time limit, how many ER proteins will be present in the cell treated with only alpha aminitin?Tumor cells from a person with leukemia have been analyzed to determine which oncogene is involved in the transformation. After partial sequencing of the gene, the predicted gene product is identified as a tyrosine kinase. Which of the following proteins would most likely be encoded by an oncogene and exhibit tyrosine kinase activity? A. Nuclear transcriptional activator B. Epidermal growth factor C. Membrane-associated G protein D. Platelet-derived growth factor E. Growth factor receptor
- GC (Glycocorticoids) binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which leads to the transcription of a series of genes (PC, PCK1, FBP1, PFKFB1, G6PC and G6P transporter (SLC37A4)) involved in gluconeogenesis. What type of receptor is GR? Where would you expect the activated GR to be located to enhance the expression of the gluconeogenic genes? Which cis-acting elements are used by GR as an activator to turn gene transcription “on”?While investigating the function of a specific growth factor receptor gene from humans, researchers found that two types of proteins are synthesized from this gene. A larger protein containing a membrane spanning domain recognizes growth factors at the cell surface, stimulating a specific downstream signaling pathway. In contrast, a related, smaller protein is secreted from the cell and binds available growth factor circulating in the blood, thus inhibiting the downstream signaling pathway. Speculate on how the cell synthesizes these disparate proteins.What is a second messenger? What are two second messengers that are involved in signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs and explain how they are produced? long answer: If you wanted to compare a cardiac muscle cell with a skeletal muscle, how could you use RNA sequencing to identify genes that are differentially expressed? In your answer, explain this technique and describe what type of information you can learn from it. If RNA sequencing led to the identification of two genes, gene X and gene Y, what are two experiments you could do to study the functions of these two genes?