propose three festurs of a model to connect the genetic mutation you oredicted with the activity of a signaling pathway involving the LDS2B gene product
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- Describe the action of the following molecular playersin signal transduction pathways: growth factors, growthfactor receptors, kinase cascades, and transcriptionfactorsDiscuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor can result in changes in gene expressionUsing examples, describe the signalling pathway from receptor tyrosinekinase activation to gene transcription, highlighting key phosphorylationevents and domains involved
- Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?List three ways in which a signal is amplified in a Gprotein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.The output of RTK pathways is often the activation of MAP Kinase. Explain how MAPK can lead to activation of a specific subset of proteins, leading to distinct effects in different cell types in response to the same growth signal.
- A certain group of Brec-MUT cells expresses low levels of protein A, unlike the high expression levels of most Brec-MUT cells. Researchers determine that the cells have an excess of ATP and that there are no mutations in the gene encoding protein A. Describe a change in the Brec signaling pathway that would lead to the decreased expression of protein A even in the presence of Brec-MUT. Explain why B is able to bind to Brec but not to A.Even in the presence of a Ras-GAP, a single amino acid change in as renders it incapable of hydrolyzing GTP. This mutation is known as Ras+ and is a cancer-causing mutation. What effect do you think this mutation will have on signaling downstream of Ras+? Why? a)A mutation would turn on the signaling pathway all of the time. b)Even if a route is mutated, it can still be turned on or off. c)Due to a mutation, the signaling pathway would always be off.Phorbol esters have been observed to induce the transcription of AP-1–influenced genes. Explain how this processcould occur. What are the consequences of AP-1 transcription? What role does intermittent exposure to phorbol estershave on an individual’s health?
- Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Propose a theory as to why G proteins have not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently.The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in the image. One of the pathway steps is the phosphorylation of IκBα. Which of the following best describes the role IκBα phosphorylation plays in the signaling pathway and what the modification of IκBα does? IκBα activates the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor. IκBα inhibits the activation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for the nuclear transcription factor to transcribe DNA. IκBα inhibits the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for IκBα degradation and allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus. IκBα activates the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor, which allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?
