Interpret the variation, including the overall trend across the 3d series, of the following values of oxide lattice enthalpies (in kJ mol·'). All the compounds have the rock-salt structure. CaO (3460); TiO (3878); VO (3913); MnO (3810); FeO (3921); CoO (3988); NiO(4071).
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- Explain the following observations giving an appropriate reason for each.(i) The enthalpies of atomization of transition elements are quite high.(ii) There occurs much more frequent metal- metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition metals (i.e. 3rd series).(iii) Mn2+ is much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation.Calculate the energy (in eV/atom) for vacancy formation in some metal, M, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 343oC is 9.39 × 1023 m-3. The density and atomic weight (at 343°C) for this metal are 7.75 g/cm3 and 142.6 g/mol, respectively.Explain in detail and with the aid of diagrams the absence of the C and F type lattices in the Tetragonal system.
- Solid CuI2 is unstable relative to CuI at room temperature, but CuBr2, CuCl2, and CuF2 are all stable relative to the copper(I) halides. Explain by considering the steps in the Born–Haber cycle for these compounds.Give the oxidation state of the metal for each of the following oxides of the first transition series. (Hint: Oxides of formula M3O4 are examples of mixed valence compounds in which the metal ion is present in more than oneoxidation state. It is possible to write these compound formulas in the equivalent format MO∙M2O3, to permit estimation of the metal’s two oxidation states.)(a) Sc2O3(b) TiO2(c) V2O5(d) CrO3(e) MnO2(f) Fe3O4(g) Co3O4(h) NiO(i) Cu2OPolyiodides (Inx-) are a class of polyhalogen anions composed of entirely iodine atoms. These ions have varied structural forms and generally explored for their conducting properties. Their structural stability depends on the cations employed for their crystallization. Triiodide (I3-) is an anion derived from the reaction of iodine (I2) and the iodide (I-) ion. In the solid state, the triiodide ion crystallizes as a linear ion of symmetrical I-I bonds, but deviations from symmetry are observed with change in the counter cation.a) With smaller cations (NMe4+ or Cs+), an unsymmetrical triiodide ion is generally expected; while a more symmetrical one is derived using larger cations (NEt4+, AsPh4+). Rationalize this observation.b) Potassium is a considerably smaller ion as compared to cesium. Thomas and Moore reported neutron studies (Acta Crystallogr. 1980, B36, 2869) of KI3.H2O and found that the I-I bonds are almost symmetrical. Explain this observation. If you were to dissolve some…
- Plot an Ellingham's diagram of Fe, Al and Cr and its oxides. Explain the diagramGive short answers to the following.a. What is the correlation of ionization potential and atomic number explain.b. Give three allotropic forms of carbon with structures and properties.c. Explain the industrial preparation of nitric acid.d. Explain silicate with structure and examples.e. What is the types og glass. give detail.How does the maximum oxidation number vary across aperiod in the main groups? Is the pattern in Period 2 different?
- Use Born-Mayer equation to calculate the lattice energy for PbS (it crystallizes in theNaCl structure). Then, use the Born–Haber cycle to obtain the value of lattice energy for PbS.You will need the following data following data : ΔH Pb(g) = 196 kJ/mol; ΔHf PbS = –98kJ/mol; electron affinities for S(g)→S- (g) is -201 kJ/mol; ) S- (g) →S2-(g) is 640kJ/mol. Ionizationenergies for Pb are listed in Resource section 2, p.903. Remember that enthalpies of formationare calculated beginning with the elements in their standard states (S8 for sulfur). Diatomicsulfur, S2, is formed from S8 (ΔHf: S2 (g) = 535 kJ/mol. Can you just do the Born-Haber part?Thermogravimetric analysis of a zeolite of composition CaAl2 Si6 O16.nH2 O shows a mass loss of 20 per cent on heating to dryness. Determine n.Consider the given Ellingham diagram. Rank the oxides of Mg, Zn, and Al in terms of increasing stability at 2000 ºC (1 being the least stable, 3 being the most stable).