12 O d. Cascade of reactionsO e. Gene slippageQUESTION 12You have sequenced mRNAS from an esophogeal cancer tumor and mRNAs from matched healthy tissue. You plot the number of RNA sequencing reads (shown below). Where in thegraph (A-D) would you find genes that are overexpressed in the cancer cells?Number of Sequencing Reads per gene (1000's)(A)(B)1012Cancer TissueO a. (B)O b. (A)Oc. You can not determine that from this information.O d. (C)O e. (D)QUESTION 13Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.1412Healthy Tissue14

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Description: 12 O d. Cascade of reactionsO e. Gene slippageQUESTION 12You have sequenced mRNAS from an esophogeal cancer tumor and mRNAs from matched healthy tissue. You plot the number of RNA sequencing reads (shown below). Where in thegraph (A-D) would you find

Cancer cells are abnormal cells that divide and differentiate in an uncontrolled manner, forming a…

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Od. O e. Gene slippage Cascade of reactions QUESTION 12 You have sequenced mRNAS from an esophogeal cancer tumor and mRNAS from matched healthy tissue. You plot the number of RNA sequencing reads (shown below). Where in the graph (A-D) would you find genes that are overexpressed in the cancer cells? 14 12 10 Tissue Healthy Tissu Number of Sequencing Reads per gene (1000's) (A) 2 4 QUESTION 13 8 Cancer Tissue (C) 10 O a. (B) O b. (A) Oc. You can not determine that from this information. O d. (C) O e. (D) (B) 12 14 Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.

Od. O e. Gene slippage Cascade of reactions QUESTION 12 You have sequenced mRNAS from an esophogeal cancer tumor and mRNAS from matched healthy tissue. You plot the number of RNA sequencing reads (shown below). Where in the graph (A-D) would you find genes that are overexpressed in the cancer cells? 14 12 10 Tissue Healthy Tissu Number of Sequencing Reads per gene (1000's) (A) 2 4 QUESTION 13 8 Cancer Tissue (C) 10 O a. (B) O b. (A) Oc. You can not determine that from this information. O d. (C) O e. (D) (B) 12 14 Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter15: From Dna To Protein

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12TYK: Discuss Concepts The normal form of a gene contains the nucleotide sequence: When this gene is...

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Discuss Concepts The normal form of a gene contains the nucleotide sequence: When this gene is transcribed, the result is the following mRNA molecule: In a mutated form of the gene, two extra base pairs (underlined) are inserted: What effect will this particular mutation have on the structure of the protein encoded in the gene?
1. Explain the anti-apoptotic role of telomerase and telomeres. In which cell type telomerase is normally expressed? Understand the pathway of cellular response to DNA damage; main players of this pathway such as p53 and p21, how they get activated and what is their function in the pathway. 2. Explain role of Apoptosis during embryo development and during metamorphosis. 3. Explain the main players of apoptosis – caspases (their active site, what site they target during cleavage, role of initiator caspases vs executioner caspases).
Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 In terms of the way it interacts with DNA, thehelix–loop–helix motif is more closely related to the leu-cine zipper motif than it is to the helix–turn–helix motif.2 Once cells have differentiated to their final spe-cialized forms, they never again alter expression of theirgenes.3 CG islands are thought to have arisen during evo-lution because they were associated with portions of thegenome that remained unmethylated in the germ line.4 In most differentiated tissues, daughter cells retaina memory of gene expression patterns that were presentin the parent cell through mechanisms that do not involvechanges in the sequence of their genomic DNA.
How can understanding the gene expression pattern in a cancer cell tell you something about that specific form of cancer?
A normal mRNA that reads 5’ - UGCCAUGGUAAUAACACAUGAGGCCUGAAC- 3’ has an insertion mutation that changes the sequence to 5' -UGCCAUGGUUAAUAACACAUGAGGCCUGAAC- 3’. Translate the original mRNA and the mutated mRNA, and explain how insertion mutations can have dramatic effects on proteins. (Hint: Be sure to find the initiation site.)
An adult with a history of tanning has his genome sequenced. The beginning of a protein-coding region of his DNA reads ATGGGGATATGGCAT. If the protein-coding region of a healthy adult reads ATGGGGATATGAGCAT, identify the site and type of mutation.
1. Transcription: a)State the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription.b. Explain why the DNA is not used directly for protein translation (i.e., why is mRNA used instead?).c. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter region is open for RNA polymerase binding.d. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter regions is blocked from binding RNA polymerase.e. Explain how two cells, such as liver cells and skin cells, can become specialized in structure and function despite containing the same genome.
Suggest reasons for why DNA mutations are not all phenotypic. D .A mutant bacteria has been found which lacks all DNA methylation enzymes. How would this mutation effect the fidelity of mismatch repair?
. The website CBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org)is an exceptionally useful program for visualizing thecancer genes and genomes of tumors from thousandsof patients with different kinds of cancer that havebeen analyzed by whole genome sequencing and insome cases, by RNA-Seq.Go the the CBioPortal site and click All underSelect Cancer Study and in Enter Gene Set typePTEN, then hit Submit. On the page that is returnedyou will see how the coding region of the PTEN geneis altered in tumors investigated in the various studies.Hitting the tab Mutations will let you see the detailsof these mutations relative to the PTEN protein, whilethe tab Expression lets you see how the gene’s expression (in terms of cDNA reads) is altered in individual tumor samples.a. Is PTEN an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?What kinds of evidence lead you to this conclusion?b. What kinds of cancer are most likely to involvealterations of PTEN?c. How would you identify patients whose tumorcells are particularly…
6_c. In cancerous cells, CpG islands are: where intercalating agents are found demethylated methylated.
⦁ Original: ATTTGAGCCMutated: ATTGAGCC. This is an example of what kind of mutation?
Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic changes needs to be maximal to allow the development of cancer. (a) With diagrams explain, chromosome rearrangement