Our immune system makes many different proteins that protect us from viral and bacterial infection. Biotechnology companies must produce large quantities of these immune proteins for human testing and eventual sale to the public. To this end, their scientists engineer bacterial or human cell cultures to express these immune proteins. Explain why proteins isolated from bacterial cultures are often inactive, whereas the same proteins isolated from human cell cultures are active (functional).

Our immune system makes many different proteins that protect us from viral and bacterial infection. Biotechnology companies must produce large quantities of these immune proteins for human testing and eventual sale to the public. To this end, their scientists engineer bacterial or human cell cultures to express these immune proteins. Explain why proteins isolated from bacterial cultures are often inactive, whereas the same proteins isolated from human cell cultures are active (functional).

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter17: Genes And The Immune System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7QP

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Certain antibodies have been shown to bind only to the folded structure oftheir target protein ligand; yet others will bind to both the folded and denatured states of the same protein ligand. Explain this observation.
The loopy polypeptide segments at the very top of the structure shown are the segments that actually contact the antigen. Would you expect these binding segments to be rigid or flexible?
. Our immune system makes many different proteins thatprotect us from viral and bacterial infection. Biotechnologycompanies must produce large quantities of these immune proteins for human testing and eventual sale to thepublic. To this end, their scientists engineer bacterial orhuman cell cultures to express these immune proteins.Explain why proteins isolated from bacterial cultures areoften inactive, whereas the same proteins isolated fromhuman cell cultures are active (functional).
The F ab fragment of an antibody molecule has essentially the same affinity for a monovalent hapten as does intact IgG. (a) What is the smallest unit of an antibody that can retain the specificity and binding affinity of the whole protein? (b) Design a compact single-chain protein that is likely to specifically bind antigen with high affinity.
Antibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.
Would an antibody response against the B subunit protect against the effects of the toxin?
In fact, immunoglobulin G consists of two identical copies of the heavy chain and two identical copies of the light chain. However, the early researchers did not know the exact number of chains or how they were arranged. Draw a simple diagram of an alternative quaternary structure for immunoglobulin G, showing how the heavy and light chains might be arranged and connected by disulfide bonds to form a structure with a total molecular mass of 150,000.
For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed to bepresent only in the nucleus of the virus-infected cell. Theanswer was revealed in a classic paper that took advan-tage of a clone of T cells whose T cell receptor was directedagainst an antigen assoicated with the nuclear protein ofthe 1968 strain of influenza virus. The authors of the paperfound that when they incubated high concentrations ofcertain peptides derived from the viral nuclear protein, thecells became sensitive to lysis by subsequent incubationwith the cytotoxic T cells. Using various peptides from the1968 strain and the 1934 strain (with which the cytotoxic Tcells did not react), the authors defined the particular pep-tide responsible for the T cell response (Figure Q24–1).A. Which part of the viral protein gives rise to thepeptide that is recognized by the clone of cytotoxic T cells? Why do not all viral peptides sensitize the target cells forlysis by the cytotoxic T…
1. "Interferons (IFNs)‐α and ‐β are expressed in response to a virus infection and are released from the cell in which they are produced. IFNs induce an antiviral state in other neighboring cells. a. Which cellular process is inactivated when IFN‐treated cells are infected with a virus? b. One arm of the IFN‐induced antiviral state is the synthesis of 2′,5′‐oligoA in response to viral infection. In one sentence or a simple diagram, what is the effect of this on the cell? c. Another arm of the IFN‐induced antiviral state is activation of the protein kinase in response to viral infection. In one sentence or a simple diagram, what is the effect of this on the cell? d. All cells contain the genes for IFNs. IFN synthesis is stimulated by virus infection. Would you expect a cell that has been treated with IFN to synthesize IFN in response to a viral infection? Explain your answer."
TPA protein function. Use at least two sentences to describe the function of the TPA protein.
The _____________ is a series of pathways that protect cells from misfolded proteins
In some autoimmune diseases, an individual develops antibodies that recognize cell constituents such as DNA and phospholipids. Some of the antibodies react with both DNA and phospholipids. What is the structural basis for this cross-reactivity?