Outline the reactions in the α-oxidation pathway. Why is α-oxidation necessary?

Q: Describe the process of oxidation phosphorylation

A: Oxidative Phosphorylation in eukaryotes takes place in mitochondria. Mitochondria is the rod shaped…

Q: Explain why β oxidation cannot proceed backward to produce triacylglycerols.

A: Beta oxidation is a metabolic process involving multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules are…

Q: Define an oxidation/reduction (redox) reaction. Why are redox reactions important in cellular…

A: An oxidation/ reduction reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of…

Q: What is the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation reactions? Which of the reactions in the…

A: The substrate level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that leads to the synthesis of ATP or…

Q: Is the statement during fatty acid biosynthesis, NADH is used as the reducing equivalent in the…

A: Ans: Fatty acid synthesis, the process formation of fatty acids from acetyl CoA and NADPH with the…

Q: Define the term beta-oxidation?

A: Oxidation: It is the process of loss of electron by a molecule, atom or ion.

Q: Which of the enzymes in glycolysis are NADH linked dehydrogenases?

A: Glycolysis is the first step in energy production from glucose. Carbohydrates from the food are…

Q: In a single pass through of the b-oxidation pathway, what are products that can be used in a…

A: Introduction: The fatty acids present in our diet or produced through the degradation of…

Q: Compare the transketolase and transaldolase reactions in terms of substrates, products, mechanism,…

A: Transaldolase is an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and…

Q: Outline the reactions in the a-oxidation pathway

A: The process of α-oxidation results in the removal of the first carbon atom. The carboxyl group of…

Q: Explain how the conversion of alanine to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) can be identified as an oxidation…

A: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, loss of electrons, and loss of hydrogen from an atom. The oxidation…

Q: Write the inhibitors of following metabolic pathways 1. glycolysis 2. TCA

A: Generally products of a reaction acts as a inhibitor and substrates of a reaction acts as a…

Q: Which enzyme catalyzes a freely reversible reaction? Pyruvate dehydrogenase Aconitase…

A: The citric acid cycle enzymes are membrane proteins present in the matrix of the mitochondria except…

Q: Using the symbols X-H2 and Y, draw a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction. Designate the molecule…

A: An increase in the rate of a reaction without changing itself and the final product, Catalyst is…

Q: Show how the following fatty acid is oxidized: CH, CH,CH,CH,CH– CH,-C-OH Indicate at which points…

A: Fatty acids act as building block for fats in our body and they are also found in the foods we eat.…

Q: List four anabolic pathways that utilize citric acid cycle intermediates as starting material.

A: Introduction: The citric acid cycle is the most important metabolic pathway for the energy supply to…

Q: The metabolism of alcohol pathway is showed in the figure characterized by biotransformation of:…

A: Metabolism-  The primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ADH( Alcohol dehydrogenase)…

Q: Certain microorganisms with a modified citric acid cycle decarboxylate α-ketoglutarate to produce…

A: The citric acid cycle also known as TCA cycle. It is a series of chemical reactions used by all…

Q: Given the statement on the image, which is/are true about fatty acid activation before beta…

A:

Q: Explain what an oxidation–reduction reaction is and why the breakdown ofglucose in the presence of…

A: A chemical reaction is a process where two or more substances react together to form new or…

Q: Two enzymes participating in beta-oxidation have the word “thio” in their names. Name the two…

A: Beta-oxidation is the catabolic mechanism through which fatty acid molecules are disintegrated to…

Q: In step 3 of β-oxidation, what reaction is involved? Give the role of NAD+. How many ATPs are…

A: Beta oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids to produce energy. Most fatty acids are degraded by…

Q: How do the first three reactions in β-oxidation prepare the fatty acid for the fourth reaction?

A: Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol…

Q: How many moles of ATP are synthesized by adding stearate to TCA through B-oxidation? Why is that?…

A: From the Beta oxidation process: The P/O ratios, which give the number of ATP produced per molecule,…

Q: Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. What citric acid cycle…

A: Aerobic metabolism is a set of three basic metabolic processes that occur in cells to generate…

Q: What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are…

A: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions which takes place in the cells to covert…

Q: Vitamin B12 has long been known to be involved in biological radical reactions, cycling between what…

A: Vitamin B12 It is mostly found in animal products such as meat, it is normally not found in plant…

Q: Oxygen is not a reactant in the β oxidation of fatty acids. Can β oxidation occur under anaerobic…

A: Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process which involves multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules…

Q: Describe briefly how b-oxidation of an odd-chain fatty acid is different from that for an even-chain…

A: The fatty acids are the basic building block units of lipid molecules. These fatty acids are…

Q: Select the following enzymes that utlize a mechanism involving covalent catalysis. Select ALL that…

A: Covalent catalysis: The process of covalent catalysis involves the formation of covalent bonds…

Q: What are the direct products of b oxidation of a fully saturated, straight-chain acyl-CoA of 13…

A: In this case of odd numbered acyl-CoA chains, beta oxidation ensues in the same way except for the…

Q: Why is the citric acid cycle the most efficient way to oxidise Acetyl CoA?

A: The citric acid cycle (CAC), also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs…

Q: Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. How will the concentrations of…

A: The citric acid cycle is inhibited by the high concentration of ATP,acetyl-CoA, and NADH which…

Q: Why is it called beta oxidation explain in detail, draw a flow chart labelling each step of the…

A: Catabolism and anabolism are the two major chemical reactions that take place in living cells for…

Q: Draw a six-carbon saturated fatty acid and show where the double bond is created during the first…

A: Introduction Before undergoing β-oxidation, fatty acids are activated to form fatty acyl-CoA in the…

Q: Why is it reasonable for excess NADH to negatively regulate the citric acid cycle?

A:

Q: Show how pentanoic acid is catabolized by beta-oxidation and clearly indicate where the products go.

A: Most fatty acids are degraded by sequential removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl end…

Q: What citric acid cycle intermediate would be regenerated?

A: A sequence of metabolic pathways takes place in the process of cellular respiration to transform…

Q: In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe…

A: In mitochondria,  acetyl CoA is important component for Krebs cycle . There are various sources of…

Q: Why do the cytochrome electron-transfer processes have different standard reduction potentials,…

A: The propensity of chemical species to absorb electrons from the electrode or lose electrons from the…

Q: What are the products of β-oxidation?

A: β-oxidation: It is the long-chain fatty acid degradation process to produce energy. Long fatty…

Q: We have encountered reactions similar to the oxidation, hydration, and oxidation reactions of fatty…

A: Beta oxidation is a metabolic process in which fatty acid molecules are broken down to create energy…

Q: Write out the balanced chemical equation for the FIRST round of oxidation of C16:cis-9.

A: in the first round of beta oxidation, we will have a 2C short acyl Co A, an acetyl Co A, FADH2 and…

Q: Does Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex have coenzymes and Allosteric regulation?

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a three-enzyme complex that decarboxylates pyruvate into…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.