P12.69 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are σ x = 9 ksi (C), σ y = 13 ksi (T), σ z = 22 ksi (T), τ xy = 4 ksi, τ xz = −19 ksi, and τ yz = 8 ksi. Determine (a) the stress invariants. (b) the principal stresses and the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.

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Stress transformation

The term stress indicates the measure of internal forces that develop due to an external force's application on an object. When a specific external force is applied to an object, internal stress generates in the material. The value of stress can obtain by taking the ratio of the externally applied force and cross-sectional area of the object. There are different types of stress depending on the type of external force.