Organic Molecules and CarbohydratesHow many covalent bonds are formed by one carbon, and why?When a double covalent bond is formed, how many electrons are being shared?3. Given a molecule that was drawn incorrectly, indicate which carbon does not have a sufficient number ofbonds.1.2.Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule as inorganic or organic.5. Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) indicate whether the molecule ishydrophobic or hydrophilic and why.6. Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each other and explain why.7. Explain the importance of functional groups. Be able to identify and name all functional groups.Define and explain the relationship of the following words: macromolecule, monomer, dimer andpolymer.9. Describe the chemical reactions of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in terms of what occurs, andwhat is accomplished. (Which can bond together monomers? Which splits a dimer or polymer intomonomers? Which utilizes a water molecule, which is split? Which forms a water molecule after an Hand OH are removed from two monomers?)4.8.10. What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and what atoms are in each type?11. What ratio of carbon;hydrogen:oxygen is typical of carbohydrates? Be able to recognize a carbohydratefrom its molecular or structural formula.12. In comparison to carbohydrates, what atom is present in much lower quantities in lipids?13. Realize that in carbohydrates, monomers are called monosaccharides, dimers are called disaccharides,and polymers are called polysaccharides.14. List the five major monosaccharides, and for each indicate its molecular formula, where it is primarilyfound, and its major function. Hint: the name "Dr. Frugal Glue (a doctor who liked to buy cheap glue"may help you remember Deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactose and glucose.15. List the 3 major disaccharides. For each indicate the 2 monosaccharides of which it is composed, andwhere it is found. Recognize that to digest monosaccharides into monosaccharides a hydrolysis reactionmust occur, and a particular enzyme is required. To help you remember the disaccharides remember thatSue likes to go to downtown Columbia to visit the lake and the mall (sucrose, lactose, maltose).16. List the 4 major polysaccharides, and recognize that they are all composed of long chains (polymers) ofglucose. For each indicate where it is found, its function, and whether it can be digested by animalenzymes. Also, explain how cows are able to obtain calories from cellulose even though they themselvesdo not produce the needed enzyme. To help you remember the polysaccharides, remember Glynda wholiked to eat starch, but would also chew on celery (glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose).Lipids and Proteins1. What physical property do all lipids have in common? Why?What are the four major useful characteristics of fats and oils?3. What building blocks or monomers compose a fat or oil?4. Be able to recognize each of the following from its structural formula: glycerol, fatty acid, saturated fattyacid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated acid.5. What reaction isfat into glycerol and 3 fatty acids?6. Compare plant oils and animal fats in terms of which tends to be more saturated, which tends to be moreunsaturated, which tends to be liquid at room temperature, and which tends to be solid.7. At a molecular level, why is it that saturated fats tend to be more solid that unsaturated fats?8. What process is used to convert liquid vegetable oils to solid fats?What type of fatty acid is formed when the hydrogenation process occurs that may have an adverse affecton health?2.to bond together glycerol to 3 fatty acids?break apart a9.10. List three major categories of lipids other than fats and oils.11. For phospholipids, what part of a cell do they compose? 12. For steroids, recognize that although they are varied in function (know examples), they have the samebasic structure. What is the structure they have in common?13. Know that proteins are composed of polypeptides. Polypeptides are polymers of what type of monomer?14. What two functional groups are present in all amino acids? What is the part of the amino acids thatvaries? How many amino acids are in proteins in living organisms? Given a structural formula,recognize a molecule as an amino acid.15. By what processes are amino acids joined together and taken apart? What is the name of the covalentbond that is formed between 2 amino acids? What determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins?16. Describe the 4 levels of protein organization (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).17. What does it mean to denature a protein? What factors can cause denaturation? Why does that explainhow heat or changes in pH can kill organisms?18. What are the major examples of proteins and their functions?DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION:1. Describe the basic structure of DNA. Why is called a double helix?2. What is a nucleotide? What are the 4 different nucleotides? Which nucleotides are the purines andpyrimidines?3. What are the basic components of a nucleotide?4. What enzyme is needed to unwind DNA?5. Describe the process of DNA replication.6.What is the result of DNA replication?

Question

Organic Molecules and CarbohydratesHow many covalent bonds are formed by one carbon, and why?When a double covalent bond is formed, how many electrons are being shared?3. Given a molecule that was drawn incorrectly, indicate which carbon does not have a sufficient number ofbonds.1.2.Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule as inorganic or organic.5. Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) indicate whether the molecule ishydrophobic or hydrophilic and why.6. Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each other and explain why.7. Explain the importance of functional groups. Be able to identify and name all functional groups.Define and explain the relationship of the following words: macromolecule, monomer, dimer andpolymer.9. Describe the chemical reactions of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in terms of what occurs, andwhat is accomplished. (Which can bond together monomers? Which splits a dimer or polymer intomonomers? Which utilizes a water molecule, which is split? Which forms a water molecule after an Hand OH are removed from two monomers?)4.8.10. What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and what atoms are in each type?11. What ratio of carbon;hydrogen:oxygen is typical of carbohydrates? Be able to recognize a carbohydratefrom its molecular or structural formula.12. In comparison to carbohydrates, what atom is present in much lower quantities in lipids?13. Realize that in carbohydrates, monomers are called monosaccharides, dimers are called disaccharides,and polymers are called polysaccharides.14. List the five major monosaccharides, and for each indicate its molecular formula, where it is primarilyfound, and its major function. Hint: the name &#34;Dr. Frugal Glue (a doctor who liked to buy cheap glue&#34;may help you remember Deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactose and glucose.15. List the 3 major disaccharides. For each indicate the 2 monosaccharides of which it is composed, andwhere it is found. Recognize that to digest monosaccharides into monosaccharides a hydrolysis reactionmust occur, and a particular enzyme is required. To help you remember the disaccharides remember thatSue likes to go to downtown Columbia to visit the lake and the mall (sucrose, lactose, maltose).16. List the 4 major polysaccharides, and recognize that they are all composed of long chains (polymers) ofglucose. For each indicate where it is found, its function, and whether it can be digested by animalenzymes. Also, explain how cows are able to obtain calories from cellulose even though they themselvesdo not produce the needed enzyme. To help you remember the polysaccharides, remember Glynda wholiked to eat starch, but would also chew on celery (glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose).Lipids and Proteins1. What physical property do all lipids have in common? Why?What are the four major useful characteristics of fats and oils?3. What building blocks or monomers compose a fat or oil?4. Be able to recognize each of the following from its structural formula: glycerol, fatty acid, saturated fattyacid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated acid.5. What reaction isfat into glycerol and 3 fatty acids?6. Compare plant oils and animal fats in terms of which tends to be more saturated, which tends to be moreunsaturated, which tends to be liquid at room temperature, and which tends to be solid.7. At a molecular level, why is it that saturated fats tend to be more solid that unsaturated fats?8. What process is used to convert liquid vegetable oils to solid fats?What type of fatty acid is formed when the hydrogenation process occurs that may have an adverse affecton health?2.to bond together glycerol to 3 fatty acids?break apart a9.10. List three major categories of lipids other than fats and oils.11. For phospholipids, what part of a cell do they compose? 12. For steroids, recognize that although they are varied in function (know examples), they have the samebasic structure. What is the structure they have in common?13. Know that proteins are composed of polypeptides. Polypeptides are polymers of what type of monomer?14. What two functional groups are present in all amino acids? What is the part of the amino acids thatvaries? How many amino acids are in proteins in living organisms? Given a structural formula,recognize a molecule as an amino acid.15. By what processes are amino acids joined together and taken apart? What is the name of the covalentbond that is formed between 2 amino acids? What determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins?16. Describe the 4 levels of protein organization (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).17. What does it mean to denature a protein? What factors can cause denaturation? Why does that explainhow heat or changes in pH can kill organisms?18. What are the major examples of proteins and their functions?DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION:1. Describe the basic structure of DNA. Why is called a double helix?2. What is a nucleotide? What are the 4 different nucleotides? Which nucleotides are the purines andpyrimidines?3. What are the basic components of a nucleotide?4. What enzyme is needed to unwind DNA?5. Describe the process of DNA replication.6.What is the result of DNA replication?

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