Question 18 Consider an economy characterized by the AS and AD curves in the textbook. Moreover, you can assume T-1 = 7. In addition, ī = 1, 6 = 2, m = 0.5. If, at time t, the economy is hit by an aggregate demand shock ā = 0.04 (but no inflation shock), then 7, is percentage points lower than T-1- (Hint: Combine the AS and AD curves, set n1-1 = ñ and solve for T, algebraically. Use the parameter values above to calculate the change in the inflation rate, i.e. Te – Tt-1- Question 19 Now assume that 7 = 2% and = 2%. Using your answer from the previous question, you know that short-run output Ý, = percent.
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- Consider the AS-AD and three-equations models of a closed economy. Write down the expressions for the AS and AD curves and interpret the expressions: what is the intuition behind the two curves? What must be true of the model parameters and variables in the long-run equilibrium, i.e. in the steady state? Analyse the effects of an oil supply shock that causes a temporary increase in inflation, using the three-equation model. Assume that the shock lasts for one-period and then assumes the value 2%. Describe the mechanisms that bring the economy back to long-run equilibrium. What happens to aggregate demand? Consider an economy that starts out in steady state when the central bank decides to make the inflation target more ambitious. Analyse the effects of a decrease in the inflation target from ? to . Explain the mechanisms behind the adjustment to the new steady state.Consider the AD-AS model discussed during the lectures. Assume that the aggregate demand curve is given by Y=8-0.5 π, that the long run aggregate supply curve is given by Yp=7, that the short run aggregate supply curve is given by π = π_expect + 0.3(Y-Yp), and that the monetary rule is given byr=1+0.3 π. Suppose the economy is suffering a decrease in the potential level of output, due to some ill-designed new regulation. According to the AD- AS model, what is more suitable to offset the subsequent decline in output, an expansionary monetary policy or an expansionary fiscal policy?Consider an AD-AS model with AD curve Y – Y* = - αγ (π - π*) + εand AS curve π = π + φβ(Y – Y*) + εwith parameter values α = 0.5, γ = 1, φ = 1, β = 0.5,and with inflation target π* = 0.02 and potential output normalised to Y* = 1.Starting from a long-run equilibrium with π = π* suppose there is a temporary demand shock ε = -0.05. Which of the following is TRUE? 1.In the short run, output is 5% below trend 2.In the short run, output is 4% below trend 3.In the short run, inflation is 1% 4.In the long run, output is 5% below trend
- Consider the ASAD model of a closed economy with zero ongoing inflation and workers misperceptions. Firms are perfectly competitive, produce output with diminishing marginal returns to labour and have perfect foresight over the price level. Workers, instead, expect zero inflation in each period. At time zero, the economy is in the potential equilibrium. There is a negative shock on aggregate demand – for example, a permanent fall in desired autonomous consumption at time t = 1. What are the effects of the shock on the equilibrium real wage in the short and in the medium run?Determine the macroeconomic impacts on interest rates and output from a macroeconomic shock using the September 11 terrorist attacks as an example. Background - Assume the economy was in short and long-run equilibrium before the terrorist attacks. Thus, ignore the fact that the stock market dotcom bubble busted a few months before September 11th. Analyze the short-term macroeconomic impact on the economy of this shock and discuss alternative policy responses, identifying the resulting new short-term equilibrium of the economy in the IS-LM diagram. The price level is assumed fixed as we are focusing on the short run impact. Briefly describe the circumstances surrounding the macroeconomic shock. Your analysis should identify which component of the economy (C, I, or Md) was directly affected by the attacks. Create an IS-LM diagram, tracing the macroeconomic impacts of the shock within the IS-LM framework. You can assume that the economy was in long- and short-term equilibrium…Question 2Explain fully how the AS/AD model is an update of the Keynesian model. Provide a graph of the equilibrium income in the Keynesian model, and compare it with a graph of the equilibrium income in the AS/AD model. Why are negative supply shocks much more harmful to an economy compared with negative demand shocks? Compare the policies which can be used to address negative demand shocks with policies to address negative supply shocks.
- Assume that two shocks happen simultaneously: a positive expenditure shock (let’s say a popular trend is to go for a bigger house) and a positive supply shock (let’s say prices on imported inputs decreased dramatically due to a substantial reduction in tariffs). Use AE/PC Model (carefully labeled!!) without time lags (use the AE and PC graphs similarly to the textbook, place PC graph below AE graph). For your analysis, choose as a starting point (marked A) an economy operating at potential GDP (Y=Y*) and at its inflation target (? = ?#). Also, show point B where the economy is situated after the shocks but prior to any central bank policy response. There should be A and B on BOTH the upper (AE graph) and lower (PC graph) graphs. If points A and B are the same point, then just mark that point with both A and B. Mark initial curves with the superscript 1, like AE1 and PC1, and every subsequent shift with a higher number, like the second shift would be AE2 and PC2, and the third shift (if…Looking ahead, policymakers aiming to rekindle their economies will have fewer resources at their disposal and will likelyface some difficult choices. Indeed, without significant additional assistance, many will struggle to simply maintainmacroeconomic stability while meeting the basic needs of their populations. As part of restarting the economies, discusshow monetary policy was critical in reducing the impact of the pandemic within the SSA and globally, post the Covid-19fallout.Please note that this is a multi part quesition; thank you so much for your time and effort it means so much to me! Figure 1: Hayek’s (Classical) AD-AS Model (Image normally goes here) Part 1: Why does Hayek’s aggregate supply curve always lead to an equilibrium level of national output equal to the full-employment level of real GDP? Part2: Hayek says that markets will heal themselves and that government should not intervene. How does the AD-AS model reflect Hayek’s idea that governments cannot increase real GDP beyond the level that the free market economy is able to produce? Part 3: Do you believe that the Hayek’s classical AD-AS model explain the factors that cause changes (shifts) in AS realistically? Why or why not?
- In the basic New Keynesian model, suppose that there is an increase in government spending. • First, suppose that the central bank does nothing (accommodates the shock). Illustrate onthe graphs and explain what will be the effects on inflation and output? • Second, suppose that economy initially has inflation equal to the central bank’s inflationtarget and an output gap of zero. What action do you expect the central bank wouldundertake? Illustrate you answer on the graph and explain. PLEASE SHOW ALL HAND WRITTEN STEPS AND WORK!Explain if, and why, you agree, or do not agree, with the following statement [when answering, assume that, in each time period, the economy is described by a static IS-LM model, with consumption and investment depending on contemporaneous variables only]:"In a closed economy wherke the central bank chooses the money supply, the prices of stocks at time t, €Qt, will unambiguously rise if, from time t onwards, government purchases of goods and services, G, go up".Assess the view that when an economy experiences a negative economic shock there willalways be a sustained increase in unemployment.