Question: The electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration differs from the ETC in photosynthesis in the following way   A. In respiration the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher proton concentration on the outer side of the membrane whereas in photosynthesis the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher proton concentration on the inner side of the membrane.   B. In respiration the ETC creates a proton gradient whereas in photosynthesis the ETC creates a sodium (Na+) gradient.   C. In respiration the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation whereas in photosynthesis the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by substrate level phosphorylation.

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.