Railroad ties must be designed to resist large shear loads. If the tie shown in Fig. E1 below is subjected to the 30 kip rail loadings and the gravel bed exerts a distributed reaction as shown, determine: The maximum shear force in the tie. The maximum shear stress in the tie. The maximum positive and negative bending moments in the tie. The maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in the tie.

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.