read the article that is in the images and write the most important data 11:52 p. m. Mar 28 mar.198PART TWO Radiographic Positioning and Related AnatomyCRtL Bweb.whatsapp.comDLeLVDDVFIGURE 18-15 Effects of positional changes as shown in the caninestomach. A, Right lateral (RL); gas is in the fundus (F) and dorsal bodyof the stomach (B). B, Left lateral (lel); gas is in the main body, pyloricantrum (A) and canal (P), and duodenum. C, Ventrodorsal (VD); gas isin the pyloric antrum, body of the stomach, and descending duodenum.D, Dorsoventral (DV); gas is in the fundus and cardia (C).one can see that the gas rises to the highest point and fluidmoves into the gravity-dependent portion. Fluid gastric con-tents move to the dependent portion of the lumen and gasto the uppermost portion whether in a lateral or DV/VDposition (Figure 18-15). In the right lateral view, the gas risesto the uppermost body and fundus, which are on the patient'sleft side (Figure 18-16). In the left lateral view, gas is in thepylorus, which on the patient's right side. In the VD view,the gas is in the body near the midline and pyloric antrum,so when the position is a DV view, the gas rises to the cardiaand the fundus.68TECHNICIAN NOTES To remember the location ofthe gas in the stomach: For the DV view, think of "Dafundus" (D being the first letter of DV and Da sounding like"the").Small Intestine6,16The small intestine is found in the mid-abdomen. The diam-eter should be no wider than twice the width of a rib in adog and "twice the height of the central portion of the L4vertebral body" in the cat.There are three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.The duodenum originates at the pylorus, courses craniallyRFIGURE 18-16 Right lateral radiograph showing the air in the fundusand body of the stomach and barium in the pyloric region and theduodenum. Further contrast studies can be found in Chapter 25.1 to 2 inches then caudally along the right body wall tothe level of L5-L6. It then courses cranially as a midlinestructure when viewed in the VD position. The duodenumis described as having a proximal duodenal flexor, a descend-ing duodenum, a caudal duodenal flexor, and an ascendingduodenum.In dogs, depressions of mucosa are seen in the duode-num; they are called "pseudo-ulcers" because they mimicthe appearance of ulcers. The duodenum of the cat isoften visualized as segmented because of the muscular (peri-staltic) activity, which gives it an almost "string-of-pearls"appearance (See Figure 25-12).The jejunum is in the mid-abdominal region and is easierseen if there is fat in the mesentery, omentum, or the falci-form ligament, and if there is gas in the bowel. The ileum,which is the terminal portion of the small bowel, enters thecolon at the ileocolic junction to the right of the midline. Inthe VD position, the ileum is normally at the dorsal portion.of the abdomen at the level of L4.Large Intestine6,17The large intestine is about 16 inches in length in a 40-lbdog and is larger in diameter than the small intestine. Itconsists of the cecum and the colon, which has ascending,transverse, and descending components. In the ventrodorsal/dorsoventral position, the colon looks like a question mark.In the lateral view, parts of the colon may either be super-imposed over the stomach, just caudal to the left crus of thediaphragm, or over the cardia of the stomach.The cecum of the dog is generally found to the right ofmidline in the VD view, adjacent to L2-L4, and in the centralabdomen for the lateral view. It has a corkscrew or curvedappearance in dogs and is often gas-filled. In the cat thececum is not usually seen because it is very small. In contraststudies, it appears as a single V-shaped pouch enteringthe colon.46 % 11:52 p. m. Mar 28 mar.U Blackboard...260 de 633xblob:https://...web.whatsapp.comTips for mas...The ascending colon is to the right of midline and isfound dorsally. The ascending colon is often indented alongthe medial wall adjacent to the cecum, at the site where theileum enters the ascending colon. This is known as the ileo-colonic sphincter. The transverse colon appears circular inconfiguration and lies caudal to the stomach. In the lateralview, the transverse colon can often be mistaken for a masslesion. The descending colon generally lies adjacent to theleft body wall, but it may change position to either themidline or the right side in the mid- and distal regions,especially if the animal is obese, the intestine is full of fecalmatter, or the urinary bladder is distended.The rectum is located in the pelvic canal.Pancreas 6,7ormal pancreas is visualized radiographically. Evenpancreatitis may not show any radiographic abnormalitiesbut may cause organ displacements. The right limb of thepancreas lies adjacent and caudal to the caudal margin ofthe stomach. The left portion is medial to and beside thedescending duodenum. Ultrasonography is a better tool toidentify a diseased pancreas.Evaluation of the Urogenital System,Adrenal Glands, and AbdominalLymph NodesKidneys6,11The kidneys are soft-tissue opacities found in the retroperi-toneal space. Canine kidneys are elongated, and felinekidneys are short and round. In the dog the right kidney isusually found between T12 and L2, and in the cat betweenL1 and L3. The left kidney position, which can be more vari-able, is between L2 and L4 in the dog and L3 and L5 in thecat. Normal kidney size is generally judged in the VD viewwith the use of L2 as a comparison. In the dog, the normalkidney should be 2½ to 3½ times the length of L2, and inthe cat, 2 to 3 times. However, this observation is a guidelineonly, because there are variations with factors such as age,size, sex and blood pressure. The kidneys may be displacedcaudally by a full stomach or cranially by an enlarged uterus.Both kidneys are usually identifiable on the feline radio-graph. The left kidney is seen in most dogs with normalbody condition, but only the caudal pole of the right kidneycan be seen on a lateral radiograph and the organ isusually not seen at all in the VD radiograph. On the rightlateral radiograph, the left kidney will be displaced from itsdorsal position; it may be in the mid-abdomen and is oftenmore visible than on a left lateral radiograph, especially incats and obese dogs, in which there is more perirenal andretroperitoneal fat.The margins of the kidneys should be smooth and ofhomogenous soft-tissue opacity. If a unilateral renal lesionis suspected, place the abnormal kidney in the upper posi-tion. It will be more "bean-shaped" because the upper kidneyrotates on the longitudinal axis. This rotation allows thatregion, which is well covered with fat, to be presented.G importancia...nurse Take a Bite...CHAPTER 18 Small Animal Abdomen+ódulos / C... ogía o...199tangentially to the x-ray beam. The increased object-filmdistance makes it appear more magnified as well.Adrenal Glands6,7Normal adrenal glands are not generally visualized on theradiograph, being better viewed on ultrasound and CT scan-ning. They are located in the retroperitoneal space just cra-niomedial to each kidney.Urinary Bladder6,12The urinary bladder is found in the caudoventral abdomenventral to the rectum and descending colon. In the dog, thecaudally facing neck of this pear-shaped organ is cranial tothe pubis. In the cat, the bladder is more rounded and slightlymore cranial.cra-A distended bladder may displace abdominanially and the descending colon to right. An empty urinarybladder may not be visible, but if it contains urine, it maybe seen on either the left or right side or centered on themidline.Uterus and Ovaries¹0The uterus and ovaries are not normally visualized on surveyradiographs, although the body of the uterus may sometimesbe visible between the bladder neck and colon in obeseanimals. The uterus is usually visualized only if it is abnor-mally large or gravid. Fetal skeletons become visible atapproximately 42- to 45 days of gestation.Urethra and Ureters6,11,13Neither the urethra or the ureters are visible on a radiographwithout contrast media. The female urethra is shorter andwider than that of the male. The male urethra is long andthin. The canine male urethra consists of three parts whilethe feline urethra has two parts. The ureters are in the retro-peritoneal space and if injected with contrast media shouldnot be larger than 2 to 3 mm.Prostate Gland and Testicles6,14,15The prostate is found in the pelvic canal and is not visibleradiographically in the cat. In older dogs it may lie withinthe abdomen, as it may in young dogs when pulled craniallyby a full urinary bladder. The prostate diameter in the dogshould be no greater than two-thirds the width of the pelvicinlet on the VD view. The testicles are not normally evalu-ated with conventional radiography.Abdominal Lymph NodesAbdominal lymph nodes are not normally visualized butmay be seen if there is a considerable increase in size or achange in opacity. Ultrasound is an excellent modality toevaluate lymph nodes (see the description in Chapter 13).46%NOTEFor information on alternate modes of imaging, please seeSections 3 and 4 in Part One. Further images available on line.

Question

read the article that is in the images and write the most important data 11:52 p. m. Mar 28 mar.198PART TWO Radiographic Positioning and Related AnatomyCRtL Bweb.whatsapp.comDLeLVDDVFIGURE 18-15 Effects of positional changes as shown in the caninestomach. A, Right lateral (RL); gas is in the fundus (F) and dorsal bodyof the stomach (B). B, Left lateral (lel); gas is in the main body, pyloricantrum (A) and canal (P), and duodenum. C, Ventrodorsal (VD); gas isin the pyloric antrum, body of the stomach, and descending duodenum.D, Dorsoventral (DV); gas is in the fundus and cardia (C).one can see that the gas rises to the highest point and fluidmoves into the gravity-dependent portion. Fluid gastric con-tents move to the dependent portion of the lumen and gasto the uppermost portion whether in a lateral or DV/VDposition (Figure 18-15). In the right lateral view, the gas risesto the uppermost body and fundus, which are on the patient'sleft side (Figure 18-16). In the left lateral view, gas is in thepylorus, which on the patient's right side. In the VD view,the gas is in the body near the midline and pyloric antrum,so when the position is a DV view, the gas rises to the cardiaand the fundus.68TECHNICIAN NOTES To remember the location ofthe gas in the stomach: For the DV view, think of &#34;Dafundus&#34; (D being the first letter of DV and Da sounding like&#34;the&#34;).Small Intestine6,16The small intestine is found in the mid-abdomen. The diam-eter should be no wider than twice the width of a rib in adog and &#34;twice the height of the central portion of the L4vertebral body&#34; in the cat.There are three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.The duodenum originates at the pylorus, courses craniallyRFIGURE 18-16 Right lateral radiograph showing the air in the fundusand body of the stomach and barium in the pyloric region and theduodenum. Further contrast studies can be found in Chapter 25.1 to 2 inches then caudally along the right body wall tothe level of L5-L6. It then courses cranially as a midlinestructure when viewed in the VD position. The duodenumis described as having a proximal duodenal flexor, a descend-ing duodenum, a caudal duodenal flexor, and an ascendingduodenum.In dogs, depressions of mucosa are seen in the duode-num; they are called &#34;pseudo-ulcers&#34; because they mimicthe appearance of ulcers. The duodenum of the cat isoften visualized as segmented because of the muscular (peri-staltic) activity, which gives it an almost &#34;string-of-pearls&#34;appearance (See Figure 25-12).The jejunum is in the mid-abdominal region and is easierseen if there is fat in the mesentery, omentum, or the falci-form ligament, and if there is gas in the bowel. The ileum,which is the terminal portion of the small bowel, enters thecolon at the ileocolic junction to the right of the midline. Inthe VD position, the ileum is normally at the dorsal portion.of the abdomen at the level of L4.Large Intestine6,17The large intestine is about 16 inches in length in a 40-lbdog and is larger in diameter than the small intestine. Itconsists of the cecum and the colon, which has ascending,transverse, and descending components. In the ventrodorsal/dorsoventral position, the colon looks like a question mark.In the lateral view, parts of the colon may either be super-imposed over the stomach, just caudal to the left crus of thediaphragm, or over the cardia of the stomach.The cecum of the dog is generally found to the right ofmidline in the VD view, adjacent to L2-L4, and in the centralabdomen for the lateral view. It has a corkscrew or curvedappearance in dogs and is often gas-filled. In the cat thececum is not usually seen because it is very small. In contraststudies, it appears as a single V-shaped pouch enteringthe colon.46 % 11:52 p. m. Mar 28 mar.U Blackboard...260 de 633xblob:https://...web.whatsapp.comTips for mas...The ascending colon is to the right of midline and isfound dorsally. The ascending colon is often indented alongthe medial wall adjacent to the cecum, at the site where theileum enters the ascending colon. This is known as the ileo-colonic sphincter. The transverse colon appears circular inconfiguration and lies caudal to the stomach. In the lateralview, the transverse colon can often be mistaken for a masslesion. The descending colon generally lies adjacent to theleft body wall, but it may change position to either themidline or the right side in the mid- and distal regions,especially if the animal is obese, the intestine is full of fecalmatter, or the urinary bladder is distended.The rectum is located in the pelvic canal.Pancreas 6,7ormal pancreas is visualized radiographically. Evenpancreatitis may not show any radiographic abnormalitiesbut may cause organ displacements. The right limb of thepancreas lies adjacent and caudal to the caudal margin ofthe stomach. The left portion is medial to and beside thedescending duodenum. Ultrasonography is a better tool toidentify a diseased pancreas.Evaluation of the Urogenital System,Adrenal Glands, and AbdominalLymph NodesKidneys6,11The kidneys are soft-tissue opacities found in the retroperi-toneal space. Canine kidneys are elongated, and felinekidneys are short and round. In the dog the right kidney isusually found between T12 and L2, and in the cat betweenL1 and L3. The left kidney position, which can be more vari-able, is between L2 and L4 in the dog and L3 and L5 in thecat. Normal kidney size is generally judged in the VD viewwith the use of L2 as a comparison. In the dog, the normalkidney should be 2½ to 3½ times the length of L2, and inthe cat, 2 to 3 times. However, this observation is a guidelineonly, because there are variations with factors such as age,size, sex and blood pressure. The kidneys may be displacedcaudally by a full stomach or cranially by an enlarged uterus.Both kidneys are usually identifiable on the feline radio-graph. The left kidney is seen in most dogs with normalbody condition, but only the caudal pole of the right kidneycan be seen on a lateral radiograph and the organ isusually not seen at all in the VD radiograph. On the rightlateral radiograph, the left kidney will be displaced from itsdorsal position; it may be in the mid-abdomen and is oftenmore visible than on a left lateral radiograph, especially incats and obese dogs, in which there is more perirenal andretroperitoneal fat.The margins of the kidneys should be smooth and ofhomogenous soft-tissue opacity. If a unilateral renal lesionis suspected, place the abnormal kidney in the upper posi-tion. It will be more &#34;bean-shaped&#34; because the upper kidneyrotates on the longitudinal axis. This rotation allows thatregion, which is well covered with fat, to be presented.G importancia...nurse Take a Bite...CHAPTER 18 Small Animal Abdomen+ódulos / C... ogía o...199tangentially to the x-ray beam. The increased object-filmdistance makes it appear more magnified as well.Adrenal Glands6,7Normal adrenal glands are not generally visualized on theradiograph, being better viewed on ultrasound and CT scan-ning. They are located in the retroperitoneal space just cra-niomedial to each kidney.Urinary Bladder6,12The urinary bladder is found in the caudoventral abdomenventral to the rectum and descending colon. In the dog, thecaudally facing neck of this pear-shaped organ is cranial tothe pubis. In the cat, the bladder is more rounded and slightlymore cranial.cra-A distended bladder may displace abdominanially and the descending colon to right. An empty urinarybladder may not be visible, but if it contains urine, it maybe seen on either the left or right side or centered on themidline.Uterus and Ovaries¹0The uterus and ovaries are not normally visualized on surveyradiographs, although the body of the uterus may sometimesbe visible between the bladder neck and colon in obeseanimals. The uterus is usually visualized only if it is abnor-mally large or gravid. Fetal skeletons become visible atapproximately 42- to 45 days of gestation.Urethra and Ureters6,11,13Neither the urethra or the ureters are visible on a radiographwithout contrast media. The female urethra is shorter andwider than that of the male. The male urethra is long andthin. The canine male urethra consists of three parts whilethe feline urethra has two parts. The ureters are in the retro-peritoneal space and if injected with contrast media shouldnot be larger than 2 to 3 mm.Prostate Gland and Testicles6,14,15The prostate is found in the pelvic canal and is not visibleradiographically in the cat. In older dogs it may lie withinthe abdomen, as it may in young dogs when pulled craniallyby a full urinary bladder. The prostate diameter in the dogshould be no greater than two-thirds the width of the pelvicinlet on the VD view. The testicles are not normally evalu-ated with conventional radiography.Abdominal Lymph NodesAbdominal lymph nodes are not normally visualized butmay be seen if there is a considerable increase in size or achange in opacity. Ultrasound is an excellent modality toevaluate lymph nodes (see the description in Chapter 13).46%NOTEFor information on alternate modes of imaging, please seeSections 3 and 4 in Part One. Further images available on line.

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