Recall that Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate (G3P) is produced by the Calvin cycle. Which of the following statements about this three-carbon compound is correct? 1. It is found in the aqueous compartment of the chloroplast called the stroma. 2. It is more oxidized than the first product of the Calvin Cycle, PGA (phosphoglycerate). 3. For the Calvin Cycle to keep turning, some G3P must be converted into RUBP (Ribulose bisphosphate). 4. One additional molecule of G3P is produced each turn of the Calvin Cycle. A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Recall that Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate (G3P) is produced by the Calvin cycle. Which of the following statements about this three-carbon compound is correct? 1. It is found in the aqueous compartment of the chloroplast called the stroma. 2. It is more oxidized than the first product of the Calvin Cycle, PGA (phosphoglycerate). 3. For the Calvin Cycle to keep turning, some G3P must be converted into RUBP (Ribulose bisphosphate). 4. One additional molecule of G3P is produced each turn of the Calvin Cycle. A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10P

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Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson determined the steps in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis by exposing the green alga Chlorella to CO2 labeled with the radioisotope carbon 14. By looking at which compounds the C14 ended up in, they were able to identify all intermediates in this cyclic pathway. Why did they predict correctly that the same set of intermediates would be formed in the light reaction in land plants?
Explain the reciprocal nature of the net chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration.
A decrease in entropy occurs during the CO2 uptake phase of the Calvin cycle, as freely moving CO2 molecules become fixed into a carbon skeleton. How can this occur without direct participation by NADPH and/or ATP?
Calculate the energy cost of the Calvin cycle combined with glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, that is, the ratio of the energy spent synthesizing starch from CO2 and photosynthetically produced NADPH and ATP to the energy generated by the complete oxidation of starch. Assume that each NADPH is energetically equivalent to 2.5 ATP and that starch biosynthesis and breakdown are mechanistically identical to glycogen synthesis and break down.
Consider the Calvin cycle, and the noncyclic photosynthetic pathway. Why is the cyclic pathway so important?
Which of the following scenarios does not occur during the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle? Hide answer choices Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the addition of two electrons from NADPH. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into Ribulose bisphosphate. Some of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are used in carbohydrate production.
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? Discuss why (1) Sunlight and water are required for photosynthesis, and (2) Which molecule is reduced, and which is oxidized. Describe in detail the structure and function of the electron transport chain. Discuss how the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle act synergistically to produce food for plants.
Where is the electrochemical gradient located in the chloroplast? Why is it important? Why are the Light Independent Reactions important? Name the 3 stages of the Calvin Cycle? What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate, RUBISCO, glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate in the Calvin Cycle? How much energy is utilized? What is Carbon Fixation? What is Photorespiration? Why is it wasteful? Why are some plants called C4 plants and why are they important? How have they adapted to unfavorable climatic conditions? How do the activities of C4 plants compare with the activities of CAM plants?
It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclicphotophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. Ineach of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase,decrease, or remain unchanged?(a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction ofnitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.)(b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensiveactive transport(c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathway
Describe the three major steps in the Calvin cycle and the role of the key enzyme rubisco.
It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclic photophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. In each of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? (a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction of nitrite (NO2 -) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.) (b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensive active transport (c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathway
. Discuss the similarities and differences between the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway.