refer to this paper: Cytosolic Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) Mediates High Fat Diet-Induced Adiposity, Endocrine Profile, and Gastrointestinal Tract Proliferation-Associated Biomarkers in Male Mice What is the question that this research aims to answer?
Q: Which of the following is the correct tRNA anticodon for the Methionine codon (5'-AUG-3'). Hint:…
A: t RNA is the transfer RNA. The main function of transfer RNA is to carry amino acid on its amino…
Q: Can you please answer question 5. According to your answers provide at question 2 there should be a…
A: Gel electrophoresis is a technique in which DNA fragments are separated on the basis of their size.…
Q: Homologous chromosomes a) are formed when the chromosomes separated during anaphase b) are matching…
A: The nucleus of cell contains chromosomes. Chromosome are the structures that resemble threads. They…
Q: Why the cells are capable to maintain the homeostasis? 5.- Please name the organelles in the…
A: Cells are the basic building blocks of life, and they must maintain homeostasis in order to survive.…
Q: The characteristics that genes express, whether they are physical, behavioral, or biochemical, are…
A: Genetics is the study of genes and their consequences on an organism's features and characteristics.
Q: Explain what parts of the Fick equation are being changed when exercising at altitude v. sea level.
A: The Fick equation is a mathematical formula used to calculate the rate of oxygen consumption by…
Q: Which of the following is a non-organ-specific (systemic) autoimmune disease? a. Systemic lupus…
A: Sure, here are the reasons why the other options are incorrect: b. Hashimoto's thyroiditis…
Q: DXA imaging can provide data about regional body composition (i.e., where excess body fat is…
A: To examine muscle imbalances from the left to the right side, one might use the regional…
Q: Can you tell the difference between a person who is skinny and one who is overweight?
A: Overweight refers to a state in which a person has a body weight that exceeds the normal or healthy…
Q: Understand the various historical and contemporary models of addiction etiology reflection
A: Addiction refers to a complex and chronic condition characterized by compulsive drug or alcohol use…
Q: Water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is considered obigatory transport because of…
A: The glomerulus is a specialized network of capillaries in the kidney responsible for the initial…
Q: look for this information about rabbits: 1. Common names 2. Enrichment
A: Rabbit is a small mammal belonging to the family Leporidae, characterized by their long ears, short…
Q: What are the symptoms of intoxication with psychedelic mushrooms. Is there any withdrawals from…
A: Psychedelic mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms are a type of fungi that contain psychoactive…
Q: What is transported into a bacteria cell by passive diffusion and how does this affect a bacterial…
A: Passive diffusion is a process of molecular transport across a membrane that occurs spontaneously,…
Q: The lungs have a Pco2 of 40 mmHg. Which of the following Pcoz levels would cause carbon dioxide to…
A: Gas exchange is a vital process that occurs in the respiratory system and allows oxygen to be taken…
Q: During meiotic divisions to make sperm, the cellular divisions at the end of meiosis I and II is…
A: The question revolves around the process of meiotic divisions that take place during gamete…
Q: What’s the potential of germline gene therapy? What are some ethical issues of editing human DNA
A: Gene therapy is a type of medical procedure that modifies the genetic makeup of a patient's cells in…
Q: Which of the following is a limitation of using hydrostatic weighing to assess body composition?…
A: One of the most precise methods for calculating body fat is hydrostatic weighing, sometimes referred…
Q: Serves as juncture at which nerves cross from one side of the body to opposite side of the brain;…
A: All of the options (a. Corpus Callosum, b. Cerebral Cortex, c. Ventral Region, d. Medulla Oblongata)…
Q: An example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results…
A: In order to find the accession number of the "Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA" entry, we…
Q: Without genetic variation, some of the basic mechanisms of evolutionary change cannot operate. There…
A: In a population, species, or group of animals, genetic variance is the diversity or variability of…
Q: 2a. Desribe the four phases of the cell cycle, and which ones define interphase? In which phase(s)…
A: The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and…
Q: The axillary buds cannot develop into a leaf. True False A compound leaf may have many…
A: Leaf development is a complex process that involves the coordinated activity of genes, hormones, and…
Q: 4. What is the difference between TDT and TDP? Is nasteurization a form of sterilization? Why or why…
A: The process of killing and removal of all the microbes such as bacteria, bacterial spores, viruses,…
Q: What is the importance of nutrient uptake for a cell? What are the common features of nutrient…
A: There are mainly three categories of nutrients proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Water, fibres,…
Q: 8. Which of the following is the most common way in which a genetic mutation occurs? a. Point…
A: Mutations are changes that occur in the genetic material of an organism such as DNA or RNA. These…
Q: Can please check and see if sort the hormones correctly and asnwr the questions. Thank you Know…
A: Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various…
Q: Describe the structures and functions of actin-based motor proteins, myosins.
A: Motor proteins are a class of proteins that are capable of converting chemical energy (usually from…
Q: What effect does solute concentration have on microbes? How can cells adapt when going from a low…
A: Microbes also known as microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are too small to be seen with…
Q: Relative amounts Innate immune cells Pathogen Adaptive immune cells Primary immune response…
A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against harmful pathogens, such as viruses,…
Q: Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion Your analysis has identified that this…
A: In eukaryotic cells, nucleosomes serve as the fundamental units of DNA packaging. Each nucleosome is…
Q: A 2-and-a-half-year-old kid who weighed 11kg and had no previous/ known medical conditions was…
A: Blood transfusion is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of blood or blood components…
Q: In the experimental conditions described below, how many molecules of dextrose do you have to add to…
A: Iso-osmotic refers to a situation in which two solutions exert the same osmotic pressure due to…
Q: A severe winterkill seemingly killed all the trout in a lake. A decision is made to restock the lake…
A: The formula to calculate the number of trout in the lake after a certain number of years is: N = K /…
Q: For this pedigree, give the most likely mode of inheritance, assuming that the trait is rare. For…
A: In order to calculate the probability of being affected or not being affected one should know the…
Q: 2. What distinguishes haploid cells from diploid cells? * O Haploid cells have homologous pairs of…
A: Haploid and diploid are terms used to describe the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. In…
Q: A 19-year-old woman presented because of the recent onset of breakthrough bleeding. She has been…
A: Finding harmful germs helps doctors to figure out what sickness someone has and give the right…
Q: RF1 and RF2 are a) release factors b) regulation factors c) regeneration factors
A: The translation process in cells includes the synthesis of proteins that are made up of amino acids.…
Q: The gene known to be mutated in cases of Agammaglobulinemia 2 (which is inherited in an autosomal…
A: Agammaglobulinemia refers to a collection of inherited immune deficiencies that are characterized by…
Q: 1. Which statement is most correct regarding the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Meiosis can…
A: Cell division is a phenomenon in which parent cell splits and gives rise to new cell . Number of new…
Q: 7. Why are antibiotics commonly isolated from fungus and soil bacteria? Why isn't the organism that…
A: Antibiotics are powerful substances that have revolutionized medicine by treating and preventing…
Q: 1. What are we doing to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance?
A: The ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of antibiotics that were once successful in killing…
Q: 17. What is the benefit of using waist circumference alongside BMI to evaluate an individual's…
A: BMI stands for Body Mass Index, which is a measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and…
Q: 2. What can we do to slow the spread of antibiotic resistance?
A: One of the major risks to modern development and food security is antibiotic resistance. Everyone,…
Q: Gene expression is regulated by a combination of_ enhancers and ORI enhancers, repressors and…
A: Note: “Since you have posted multiple questions, we will provide the solution only to the first…
Q: What are the typical components in bioactive glasses? Explain why bioactive glasses are generally…
A: Bioactive glasses are a type of material that is capable of forming a strong bond with living tissue…
Q: 8. Which of the following is a proto-oncogene? Select all that apply. a. Abl b. Ras c. Myc d. Bax
A: Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer. They are mutated forms of normal genes…
Q: Compare and contrast the properties of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Drag the appropriate items…
A: Exploring the intricacies of DNA and RNA polymerases reveals the remarkable molecular machinery that…
Q: 5. What kinds of side effects can happen following use of a broad spectrum antibiotic?
A: The most frequently prescribed medication is an antibiotic. The antibiotics are classified into two…
refer to this paper: Cytosolic Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) Mediates High Fat Diet-Induced Adiposity, Endocrine Profile, and Gastrointestinal Tract Proliferation-Associated Biomarkers in Male Mice
What is the question that this research aims to answer?
Figure 2. Look at each of these graphs and indicate the differences or similarities between each group of mice (WT CAS-HF, WT SPI-HF, MOD-1 CAS-HF, MOD-1 SPI-HF).
Figure 3.A. What causes insulin release? Why is insulin being looked at (look in the discussion section)
- Where is leptin produced? What does it do?
- What is adiponectin? What does it do?
- What does a high leptin/adiponectin ratio mean? (Hint: Look at the introduction section).
Figure 4. What is mTOR (look at the discussion section)?
- What enzymes/proteins were significantly different between the WT and MOD-1 mice? What enzymes/proteins were significantly different between the CAS-HF diet and the SPI-HF diet?
- Answer the same two questions above. Is there any difference between what was found in the distal colon compared to the jejunum?
- What is B-Actin?
Figure 5. B. Crypt depth is smaller in MOD-1 mice than WT mice? What is a potential reason for this?
Figure 6. B/C. What is oil red o staining? What do you notice between the photos in part C?
Figure 7. A. What are IRS1 and IRS2?
- What tissue type is this?
- Is adipocyte area the same or different between the four mice groups?
What were the results of this study?
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Below is a figure (here called Figure 1) from “Prognostic Significance of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinoma,” by An et al., published in Clinical Cancer Research in 2005. The authors look at five microsatellite loci (BAT 25, BAT 26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250) in normal (N) and tumor (T) tissue from patients with Gastric Carcinoma. They amplify the loci by PCR and then instead of using standard agarose gel electrophoresis, they run the PCR products through capillary gel electrophoresis and detect bands as they pass a laser near the positive charge terminal. The x-axis in these plots is the time at which the band passed the laser (aka size of the PCR product) and the intensity of the peaks represents the amount of DNA in that band A. Which patient- 18, 30, or 1- shows the most microsatellite instability? Which patient shows the least? How do you know? B. In which repair pathway is it most likely that you will find the driver mutations…The following quote is from a TiBS review article (Y. Shiloh,(2006) TiBS vol. 31 No7 Pages 402-410). Please explain what information would have been derived from genetics experiments and what information would have been based on biochemistry experiments. Explain how using both genetic and biochemistry has allowed us to greatly enhance our understanding of this field. ATM belongs to a conserved family of proteins termed the ‘PI3K-like protein kinases’( PIKKs), most of which possess a serine/threonine kinase activity and all of which, as their name indicates, contain a domain with motifs that are typical of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol3- kinase(PI3K) [39]. At present, the mammalian members of this family include five protein kinases: ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia- and Rad3-related (ATR), hSMG-1, mTOR (also known as FRAP) and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Another member of the PIKK family is TRRAP, a protein component of histone…One important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to mediate the elimination of tumor cells by killer lymphocytes. In a study of 35 primary lung and colon tumors, half the tumors were found to have amplified and overexpressed a gene for a secreted protein that binds to Fas ligand. How do you suppose that overexpression of this protein might contribute to the survival of these tumor cells? Explain your reasoning.
- According to the research article: “Telomerase Modulates Wnt Signalling by Association with Target Gene Chromatin,” how did the authors determine that TERT, Brg1, and beta catenin were all part of the same protein complex on TCF sites in vivo? Describe the assay used to determine this.Tumor cells from a person with leukemia have been analyzed to determine which oncogene is involved in the transformation. After partial sequencing of the gene, the predicted gene product is identified as a tyrosine kinase. Which of the following proteins would most likely be encoded by an oncogene and exhibit tyrosine kinase activity? A. Nuclear transcriptional activator B. Epidermal growth factor C. Membrane-associated G protein D. Platelet-derived growth factor E. Growth factor receptorFor each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to unrestricted cell division.(a) Colon cancer cells often contain mutations in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E2 receptor. PGE2 is a growth factor required for the division of cells in the gastrointestinal tract.(b) Kaposi sarcoma, a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS, is caused by a virus carrying a gene for a protein similar to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.(c) Adenovirus, a tumor virus, carries a gene for the protein E1A, which binds to the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. (d) An important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their celltype specificity. For example, mutations in the PGE2 receptor are not typically found in lung tumors. Explain this observation. (Note that PGE2 acts through a GPCR in the plasma membrane.)
- Mutations in the IL2RG gene cause approximately 30 percent of severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) cases in humans. These mutations result in alterations to a protein component of cytokine receptors that are essential for proper development of the immune system. The IL2RG gene is composed of eight exons and contains upstream and downstream sequences that are necessary for proper transcription and translation. Below are some of the mutations observed. For each, explain its likely influence on the IL2RG gene product (assume its length to be 375 amino acids). (a) Nonsense mutation in a coding region (b) Insertion in Exon 1, causing frameshift (c) Insertion in Exon 7, causing frameshift (d) Missense mutation (e) Deletion in Exon 2, causing frameshift (f) Deletion in Exon 2, in frame (g) Large deletion covering Exons 2 and 3The SIRT3 protein has been reported to increase the growth of certain types of cancer cells. Researchers studying the metabolism and development of stomach cancer cells investigated the potential role of the SIRT3 protein in these cells. In the first investigation, the researchers quantified the relative amount of SIRT3 in normal stomach cells and in each of four different lines of stomach cancer cells (Figure 1). Using data from a group of 100 patients with stomach cancer, the researchers also analyzed the relative amount of SIRT3 protein detected in samples of the cancer cells and in normal cells immediately adjacent to the cancer cells (Figure 2). Figure 1. SIRT3 protein levels in normal stomach cells (NS) and stomach cancer cell lines from four different patients (SC-1, SC-2, SC-3, SC-4), shown relative to the level in normal stomach cells (NS). Error bars represent ±SEx¯. Figure 2. The number of patients, from 100 tested, whose stomach cancer cells or normal stomach cells…A wild-type mouse that is heterozygous for two immunoglobulin heavy chain alleles (IgHa/b) generates the population of B cells shown on the left of the figure below. A mouse strain, also IgHa/b, carries an inactivating mutation in the VpreB gene. In addition to producing fewer mature B cells than the wild-type mice, the VpreB-deficient mice generate B cells as shown on the right. What is the explanation of the difference seen between the wild-type and the VpreB-mutant B cells?
- Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. Some patients with metabolic syndrome can continue to gain weight even if they consume fewer calories than other human adults. Based on this finding, which conclusion is MOST likely true? A. Patients with metabolic syndrome do not eliminate as many calories during excretion. B. Patients with metabolic syndrome do not expend as much energy during muscle contractions. C. Patients with metabolic syndrome have more efficient…Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. A scientist hypothesizes that dysregulated insulin signaling is responsible for the development of excess body fat in metabolic syndrome patients. Based on the data, which of these, if true, would BEST support this hypothesis? A. Phosphorylated insulin receptor decreases the use of free energy in fibroblasts. B. Phosphorylated insulin receptor increases the use of free energy in fibroblasts. C. Phosphorylated insulin receptor…Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. Insulin, in addition to regulating blood glucose, also promotes satiety. Ghrelin, on the other hand, is a peptide hormone that promotes hunger. Which statement BEST predicts the effect of ghrelin release on the insulin receptor? A. It increases insulin receptor expression. B. It decreases insulin receptor expression. C. It increases insulin receptor phosphorylation. D. It decreases insulin receptor phosphorylation.