Researchers were interested in assessing the effects of a new treatment on seasonal affective disorder. Mood was assessed in all participants at three time-points: (1) pre-treatment (0 weeks), (2) after 2 weeks of treatment, and (3) after 4 weeks of treatment. Subject O weeks 2 weeks 4 weeks Mparticipant 1 28 45 69 47.33 32 43 72 49 3 30 47 65 47.33 4 29 45 75 49.67 31 44 70 48.33 30 44.8 70.2 GM = 48.33
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- Biostatistics Outpatients (N = 36) with type 2 diabetes were referred back to the hospital because of the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) (possible kidney failure). During their follow-up, some patients were diagnosed with advanced (or end-stage) CKD, requiring an extension of their stay in the hospital, while others were readmitted for further medical assessment. Throughout the study, mortality and hospitalization rates, as well as bio-chemical lab test results, were reported. In addition, the attached data slice contains additional demographic data about the patient group. Q1: Write demographic and lifestyle summary with appropriate statistical tools of descriptive statistics that include Age(years), Gender, Level of deprivation [Townsend or socio-economical status SES], and Marital status.Biostatistics Outpatients (N = 36) with type 2 diabetes were referred back to the hospital because of the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) (possible kidney failure). During their follow-up, some patients were diagnosed with advanced (or end-stage) CKD, requiring an extension of their stay in the hospital, while others were readmitted for further medical assessment. Throughout the study, mortality and hospitalization rates, as well as bio-chemical lab test results, were reported. In addition, the attached data slice contains additional demographic data about the patient group. Q2: Write a statistical summary for patients’ health status that include Smoking status, Glucose level (mmol/L), C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L), Blood urea (mmol/L), Serum creatinine (μmol/L), and Albumin level (g/L).Researchers are interested in the effectiveness of a new anti-retroviral medication at increasing 5 year survival for HIV infected persons with Hepatitis C. In order to test the efficacy of the new study drug, the researchers randomly assigned participants to receive either the new medication or a placebo. The following table summarizes preliminary results of the trial. Deceased Non-Deceased Total New Vaccine 55 84 139 Placebo 61 67 128 Total 116 151 267 A) Calculate the relative risk for mortality among those treated with the new vaccine versus the placebo. B) Interpret the relative risk measurement.
- Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids have a wide variety of health benefits. Omega-3 oils can be found in foods such as fish, walnuts, and flaxseed. A company selling milled flaxseed advertises that one tablespoon of the product contains, on average, at least 3800 mg of ALNA, the primary omega-3. a) The company plans to conduct a test to ensure that there is sufficient evidence that its claimiscorrect. Tobesafe,thecompanywantstomakesurethatevidenceshowsthe average is higher than 3800 mg. What are the null and alternative hypotheses? b) Suppose, instead, that a consumer organization plans to conduct a test to see if there is evidence against the claim that the product contains an average of 3800 mg per tablespoon. The consumer organization will only take action if it finds evidence that the claim made by the company is false and that the actual average amount of omega-3 is less than 3800 mg. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?Peanut Allergies. In the article “Food Allergy Advice May Be Peanuts” (Science News, Vol. 174, No. 12, pp. 8–9), N. Seppa reports that early exposure to peanuts seems to lessen the risk of nut allergy. Of 4000 Jewish children sampled in Britain, 1.85% had peanut allergies; and of 4600 Jewish children sampled in Israel, where early peanut consumption is more common, 0.17% had peanut allergies. The researcher chose Jewish children in both countries to limit genetic differences between groups. a. Is this study descriptive or inferential? b. Is this study observational or experimental?Suppose a researcher is interested inthe effectiveness in a new childhood exercise program implemented in a SRS of schools across a particular county. In order to test the hypothesis that the new program decreases BMI (Kg/m2), the researcher takes a SRS of children from schools where the program is employed and a SRS from schools that do not employ the program and compares the results. Assume the following table represents the SRSs of students and their BMIs. Student intervention group BMI (kg/m2) Student control group BMI (kg/m2) A 18.6 A 21.6 B 18.2 B 18.9 C 19.5 C 19.4 D 18.9 D 22.6 E 24.1 F 23.6 A) Assuming that all the necessary conditions are met (normality, independence, etc.) carry out the appropriate statistical test to determine if the new exercise program is effective. Use an alpha level of 0.05. Do not assume equal variances.B) Construct a 95% confidence interval about your estimate for the average difference in BMI between the groups.
- We have a sample of 2,400 geriatric patients who are in an assisted living home, of which 1,200 participated in a new preventative Drug A. Rates of UTIs tend to be higher than average among this population. As part of a preventative and treatment intervention, we are examining the performance of several drugs: Preventative Drug (before the onset of UTI) Drug A: preventative UTI drug taken daily in hopes to prevent the growth of bacteria that causes UTIs Treatment Drugs (after the onset of UTI) Drug B: New antibiotic for treating UTIs Drug C: Conventional antibiotic for treating UTIs Information for how many patients took each drug or combination of drugs is summarized below in the two tables. Use these to answer questions a) -d) Table 1. Summary of performance of drug A: UTI rates among those taking and not taking drug A Did not take Drug A Did take Drug A Total UTI 759 887 1646 No UTI 441 312 753 Total 1200 1200 2400 Table 2. Summary of performance of drug B and C: recovery…10.50 Recess and Wasted Food. E. Bergman et al. conducted a study to determine, among other things, the impact that scheduling recess before or after the lunch period has on wasted food for students in grades three through five. Results were published in the online article “The Relationship of Meal and Recess Schedules to Plate Waste in Elementary Schools” (Journal of Child Nutrition and Management, Vol. 28, Issue 2). Summary statistics for the amount of food wasted, in grams, by randomly selected students are presented in the following table. Lunch before recess Lunch after recess ¯ x1 = 223.1 ¯ x2 = 156.6 s1 = 122.9 s2 = 108.1 n1 = 889 n2 = 1119 At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that, in grades three through five, the mean amount of food wasted for lunches before recess exceeds that for lunches after recess?A suburban hotel derives its revenue from its hotel and restaurant operations. Theowners are interested in the relationship between the number of rooms occupied on anightly basis and the revenue per day in the restaurant. Below is a sample of 25 days(Monday through Thursday) from last year showing the restaurant income and numberof rooms occupied.
- which of the following individuals is likely to be excluded from a clinical trial? a-individual with other diseases besides the disease of interest b-an individual whose data is considered to be an outlier c-an individual of who is considered to be a minority d-an individual who will have difficulty complying trial protocols.Researchers measured the distribution of beak sizes in a cohort of medium ground finch hatchlings in the Galapagos Islands in 1976 just before, and in a cohort of hatchlings two years after a severe drought. They measured 100 finches in each cohort. After the drought, the proportion of large, harder seeds was substantially greater than before the drought. Their data documenting this selective event are shown in graphical and tabular form below. Beak size (mm) Frequency before selection Frequency after selection 10.010.0 0.000.00 0.000.00 10.210.2 0.000.00 0.000.00 10.410.4 0.020.02 0.000.00 10.610.6 0.040.04 0.000.00 10.810.8 0.080.08 0.000.00 11.011.0 0.160.16 0.000.00 11.211.2 0.200.20 0.000.00 11.411.4 0.200.20 0.000.00 11.611.6 0.160.16 0.020.02 11.811.8 0.080.08 0.040.04 12.012.0 0.040.04 0.080.08 12.212.2 0.020.02 0.160.16 12.412.4 0.000.00 0.200.20 12.612.6 0.000.00 0.200.20 12.812.8 0.000.00 0.160.16 13.013.0 0.000.00 0.080.08 13.213.2…Leisure Activities and Dementia. An article appearing in the Los Angeles Times discussed the study “Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 348, pp. 2508–2516) by J.Verghese et al. The article in the Times, titled “Crosswords Reduce Risk of Dementia,” contained the following statement: “Elderly people who frequently read, do crossword puzzles, practice a musical instrument or play board games cut their risk of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia by nearly two-thirds compared with people who seldom do such activities.” Comment on the statement in quotes, keeping in mind the type of study for which causation can be reasonably inferred.
