Smith and Wesson are the only two residents in a small neighbourhood. They are considering hiring a security guard. The monthly value of the security guard is $300 to Smith, and $100 to Wesson. Regardless of how the guard is paid, they will protect the entire neighbourhood. a) Explain what is the maximum price the guard could charge per month and still be hired by one of the neighbours. b) Suppose the competitive market wage for a security guard is $320 per month. The local government proposes a plan where Smith and Wesson each pay half the monthly fee. Would this plan be voted in? Would the economic surplus be higher if the neighbourhood had a security guard?
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- A company called Tramlaw has become the only employer in the local market for retail labor. The marginal value (extra profit before wages) of hiring an additional worker-hour is ?? = 60 − ?, where ?? is marginal value and ? is the hours of labor worked. The supply of workers is given as ? = ? 2 , where ? is the wage (the price of labor). Assume Tramlaw pays all retail workers in this market the same wage. For parts (a) and (b), ignore the numbers and equations (though you could use the equations as hints). a. Explain in words why Tramlaw’s marginal cost of hiring an additional worker-hour is higher than supply, which represents the marginal cost to the worker of providing an additional hour of labor. b. Draw a market diagram of Tramlaw’s local labor monopsony, including marginal value (MV), supply (S), and marginal cost (MC). Graphically indicate the monopsonist’s profit-maximizing quantity of labor ??, wage ??, the efficient quantity of labor ? ∗ , and any deadweight loss (DWL)…A firm's board of directors wants to maximize its profits. If the firm's manager puts in a high effort, the firm gets a high profit of 9 with probability 80%, but if the manager puts in a low effort, the firm gets a low profit of 4 with probability 80%. The utility functions of both the board of directors and the manager are identical and are simply u(b)-b. High effort for the manager costs 2. The manaаger has an outside wage of 1. Calculate the optimal wage schedule under high and low realized profits.Suppose there are two types of persons: high-ability and low-ability. A particular diploma costs a high-ability person $8,000 and costs a low-ability person $20,000. Firms wish to use education as a screening device where they intend to pay $25,000 to workers without a diploma and $ K to those with a diploma. In what range must K be to make this an effective screening device?
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- Suppose that there are exactly two types of workers in LA: A’s and B’s. A’s earn a firm $15 in revenue (in their lifetime) and B’s earn a firm $10 in revenue (in their lifetime). There are equal numbers of each type of worker in LA. Firms cannot distinguish between the two types of workers. Even after a firm has hired them, the firm won’t be able to monitor their work closely enough to determine which workers are of which type. Workers prefer a higher wage to a lower wage and workers supply their labor (to the highest possible wage they can get) as long as this wage is positive. A firm pays a worker a wage equal to the expected amount of revenue the worker earns for the firm (in his/her lifetime). Workers are risk neutral. Question 15 : What is the wage (per lifetime) that a type A worker receives? What is the wage (per lifetime) that a type B worker receives?Explain how the reservation wage is determined in the one-sided search model.a. On a graph with the probability of injury on the x-axis and the wage level on the y-axis plot two indifference curves, labeled UA and UB, so that the person associated with UA is less willing to take on risk relative to the person associated with UB. Explain what it is about the indifference curves that reveals person A is less willing to take on risk relative to person B. b. Consider a third person who doesn’t care about the risk associated with the job. That is, he doesn’t seek to limit risk or to expose himself to risk. On a new graph, draw several of this person’s indifference curves. Include an arrow on the graph showing which direction is associated with higher levels of utility. c. Consider a wage-risk equilibrium that is characterized by an upward-sloping hedonic wage function. Now suppose there is a government campaign that successfully alters people’s perception of risk. In particular, each worker adjusts her preferences so that she now needs to be more highly compensated…
- The market for low-skilled workers is highly competitive, due to the high numbers of low skilled individuals. If the labor supply is given by the equation QS = 10W and measured per hour, and the demand for labor is given by the equation QD = 240 − 20W. Where Q measures the quantity of labor hired (in thousands of hours). Answer the following: (a) At the market equilibrium what is the going wage rate and quantity of low-skilled labor being employed? (b) If the union successfully forces a minimum wage increase of $9 per hour, at the new market equilibrium what will be the new quantity of labor hired and the quantity of any excess (demand or supply) of labor? (c) At the $9 minimum wage how much deadweight loss is created? (d) After the implementation of the $9 minimum wage, in terms of surplus how much better off are low-skilled workers and how much worse off are employers? (e) If the minimum wage is set at $11 rather than $9 how does the deadweight loss and surplus change?Part B: As a policy analyst for the Congressional Budget Office, you have been asked to estimate the potential costs of occupational licensing to the U.S. economy. Using demand analysis, a basic examination of the national costs of licensing could be developed as follows: Suppose that the entire 10 percent wage premium is from market power (as opposed to greater productivity from enhanced human capital), and further assume that labor supply is perfectly elastic and the labor demand elasticity is 0.5. Hypothetically, assume that the Census data suggests that there are approximately 68 million licensed workers in the U.S. Also assume that the average earning is $50,000. Calculate the potential job loss and the annual cost to consumers as a consequence of occupational licensing. Hint: Recall that the movement up the demand curve is the change in wages times the labor demand elasticity times the number of workers. To calculate the costs, what would a license worker make if they were…Show how education can signal the worker’s innate ability in the labor market. What is a pooled equilibrium? What is a perfectly separating signaling equilibrium?