State why an antibody is represented as H2L2 .

Q: Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the V and C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label the…

A: Immunoglobulin molecules are the globular proteins that are synthesized by the plasma cells located…

Q: List the five classes of antibody and discuss their diagnostic significance

A: The antibody is otherwise known as an immunoglobulin (Ig). It is a protein of Y shape specifically…

Q: Explain how cytotoxic T cells kill target cells.

A: APCs stands for antigen-presenting cells. They are a large group of a variety of cells that trigger…

Q: Illustrate the structure of an antibody molecule. Label the constant and variable regions, the Fc…

A: An antibody, also referred to as an immunoglobulin, may be a Y-shaped structure which consists of 4…

Q: • Explain how granzymes and perforin are used by natural killer cells to attack virus-infected…

A: Granzymes are serine proteases delivered by cytoplasmic granules inside cytotoxic T cells and common…

Q: Describe the three processes responsible for antibody diversity, estimating the diversity each…

A: The human body comes across different antigens, hence the immune system has the potential to produce…

Q: Describe how antibodies interact with their corresponding antigens.

A: Antibodies are proteins that bind to the body's foreign invaders and signal the immune system to get…

Q: Diagram the structure of an antibody. What parts bind toantigens? Why does each antibody bind only…

A: Above is a diagram of an antibody. The light-chains and heavy-chains, outlined in yellow and red…

Q: Molecules that function as antibodies and help the body to fight infection include 12

A: Macromolecules are very large molecules commonly composed of the polymerization of smaller subunits…

Q: Explain the function of phagocytes and natural killer cells.

A: Step 1 Innate immunity is a natural genotype-based system of defence elements with which an…

Q: An antigen that causes an allergic response is a(n)

A: Antibodies destroy cells inside the body without the whole complement system being stimulated in…

Q: Briefly describe the structure of an antibody and relate this structure with its functions

A: Antibodies are the antigen-binding glycoproteins that are synthesized exclusively by B- cells and in…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: Diagram and describe 5 outcomes of antibody binding

A: An antibody also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y shaped protein used by the immune…

Q: What is “Good” Antigens? Describe their characteristics.

A: An antigen is defined as any substance which induces the body to mount an immunological reaction to…

Q: The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the

A: Introduction: Antibody-mediated immunity occurs when B cells are stimulated and antibodies are…

Q: what does the blood type AB

A: Blood is the connective tissue that is used for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and minerals across…

Q: Explain What Are The Forces That Are Responsible For Antigen-antibody Reactions

A: In laboratory settings, the antigen-antibody reaction is used to diagnose blood grouping systems and…

Q: Explain why repeated rounds of antigen exposure can alter antibody structure and function

A: Antigens are molecules, that are capable to stimulate immune response. Each antigens have distinct…

Q: Define immune escape

A: an antigen is a molecule or molecular structure or any foreign particulate matter or a pollen grain…

Q: What is the difference in the kinetics of antibody formation in response to a first and second…

A: The immune response is a reaction that occurs in an organism to protect against foreign substances.…

Q: Match the class of antibody with its appropriate structure/function. 1st choice This dimeric…

A: Different Ig molecules different shapes. IgD,IgG and IdE are monomers.IgA is dimer.Ig M is pentamer.

Q: Describe the function of both T and B memory cells in the immune response. What type of immunity do…

A: Immunity is the defence  system of the body against pathogens and foreign chemicals . It can be…

Q: Describe the structural components of an antibody and compare the features of the five…

A: Ans: Antibody: The Y shaped protein molecule also referred to as immunoglobulin (Ig), which…

Q: A. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a…

A: Immunoassay is a biochemical test that is used to detect the presence and/or concentration of an…

Q: Explain the actions of antibodies in protective immune reactions.

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: Which system uses antibodies to destroy antigens?

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulin are Y-shaped glycoproteins that are specialized for…

Q: List the two toxins released by natural killer cells and state what each toxins does

A: Natural killer are large granular lymphocytes that are involved in innate immunity. Memory is absent…

Q: An antibody which is made against the first antibody is called a ........ antibody

A: Antibody also called immunoglobulin is a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: These cells are used for antibodies production?

A: Antibodies are also called the immunoglobulins. They are the Y-shaped proteins and help us to fight…

Q: Briefly indicate the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups.

A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…

Q: What is Natural antibodies?

A: Biology terms are fundamental concepts and terms used in biology, which is the study of life and…

Q: Predict which antigens will be most susceptible to antibody action

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are giant Y-shaped proteins that help the immune system…

Q: Name the type of cells that produce antibodies?

A: The antibody is also called immunoglobulin that is a protective protein produced by the immune…

Q: n a table, illustrate the differences between natural, artificial, active and passive immunity with…

A: Microorganisms are always surrounding humans, looking for an opportunistic host. These viruses have…

Q: Which portion of the antibody molecule has specificity against an antigen?

A: The immune system is responsible for eliciting a response in order to build a defense mechanism…

Q: Contrast the general functions of the different antibody classes.

A: Antibody also known as immunoglobulins are Y shaped molecules that forms the major part of the…

Q: Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: Discuss three differences between antigen and antibodies

A: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can cause humans to become ill or die depending on the…

Q: Describe antigenic variation.

A: Antigenic variation or alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a…

Q: In table form, differentiate Cell mediated from Antibody mediated (humoral) Immunity according to…

A: Immunity It is defined as the ability of organisms to be able to resist harmful microorganisms. It…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.