Explain why repeated rounds of antigen exposure can alter antibody structure and function

Q: (b) Describe the role of invariant chain, CLIP, HLA-DM in the antigen presentation process.

A: MHC Class II molecules are a class of large molecules of histocompatibility complex (MHC) usually…

Q: Describe the five major classes of antibodies, and explain their structure and functions?

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are large, Y-shaped protein molecules used by immune system for…

Q: Describe the cooperative interactions between antigen-presentingcells, T cells, and B cells.

A: When a positive change done for one component increases the collectively benefits of a group of…

Q: Describe effector functions of antibodies.

A: The antibody is known to be the protein substance synthesized by the body’s immune system. It…

Q: Identify how antigen-antibody reactions are detected and quantifi ed.

A: Antigen-antibody reaction is a chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the…

Q: Define polyclonal antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Y shaped soluble glycoproteins that are produced in response to the antigens by…

Q: Which is typical of antibody–antigen reactions?

A: Antigen and antibodies are a part of the immune system that provides immunity to an organism.…

Q: Describe the three processes responsible for antibody diversity, estimating the diversity each…

A: The human body comes across different antigens, hence the immune system has the potential to produce…

Q: Describe an antibody-mediated response.

A: Introduction  Our immune system plays key role in defence against harmful foreign particles be it…

Q: describe the actions of antibodies against diseaseagents;

A: A huge, Y-shaped protein utilized by the immune system to recognize and nullify foreign substances,…

Q: Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonal collection of antibodies.

A: Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized by injecting an immunogen into an animal (mouse) and the…

Q: Explain Protein-ligand binding of antibodies.

A: A ligand refers to a substance that serves a particular function when it binds to a biomolecule. It…

Q: What is meant by the “window” regarding antibody presence in the blood?

A: Any abnormal condition that hinders normal body functioning is considered a disease. Pathogen attack…

Q: List the chemical characteristics and actions of antibodies.

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Describe the processing and presentation of an intracellular antigen.

A: Antigen processing and presentation is an immunological process through which the antigen-presenting…

Q: Explain what is meant by serotype-specific immunity.

A: Immunity is a complex biological phenomenon to different between self and nonself or foreign…

Q: List the classes of antibody and discuss their diagnostic significance

A: Antibodies is also known as immunoglobulin (Ig). Antibodies are Y shaped proteins produced by plasma…

Q: Define antigenic shift

A: Immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist the attack of harmful…

Q: Describe the role of non- specific macrophages and explain the structure of an antibody molecule.

A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…

Q: Identify how antigen-antibody reactions are detected and quantified

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.

A: 1. The viruses are internalized by the macrophages by phagocytosis.  2. Then they process the virus…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: describe the structure and five types of antibodies;

A: Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells and they are also known as immunoglobulins. They…

Q: Determine the features of antibodies that make them particularly suited for forming complexes with…

A: The human body has about 37 trillion cells in total, although a significant portion of them are…

Q: List the effects of antibodies binding to antigens

A: Antigen-antibody communication, or antigen-antibody response, is an interaction between chemicals…

Q: Explain the actions of antibodies in protective immune reactions.

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: Explain how the secondary response to an antigen isfaster and greater than the primary response.

A: Immune response is a function of a human body which work as a body gaurd or a protector to the body.…

Q: Explain the cross-presentation of exogenous antigen.

A: EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN- Antigens that enter the body from the outside, such as bacteria, fungi,…

Q: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare itto an epitope recognized by a TCR.

A: Given: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare it to an epitope recognized by a…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions.

A: Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the aspects of immune reactions, antibody…

Q: Antibody Basic Structure Function IgM IgD

A: structure: IgM is constructed of five or six units (i.e. mostly as pentamers but also hexamers…

Q: Discuss antibody production

A: Antibody, also known as immunoglobulin, is a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: Describe in detail the information on what a Monoclonal Antibodies is

A: One way the immune system of the body attacks foreign agents is by producing large number of the…

Q: Describe the immune response involved in blood type incompatibility, Rh incompatibility, and tissue…

A: Incompatibility of blood types: When people including one blood type obtain blood from someone with…

Q: Describe the actions of an antigen-presenting cell.

A: Antigens are foreign elements that stimulate the production of antibodies by activation of the…

Q: Explain in detail antigen presentation pathway of the MHC molecule indicated

A: Antigen presentation is the interaction of antigen molecules on the surface of a macrophage or other…

Q: Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether…

A: The immune system is responsible for the defence of the body against pathogens.

Q: Describe the development of antibodies to a specificantigen.

A: Human body have their own system to protect themselves from harmful bacteria, Viruses which are…

Q: Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: Define the term antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule. Proteins are the biomolecules composed of one or many…

Q: Discuss three differences between antigen and antibodies Explain the structure of the antibody…

A: Antigens are nonself molecules that enter into the body.  Antibodies are gamma globulin and they…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.