Suppose that you made some wine whose alcohol content was 10% w/v (i.e., 10 g of ethanol per 100 ml. of wine). The initial fermentation mix- ture would have had to contain what molar concentration of glucose or its equivalent to generate this much ethanol? Is it likely that an initial fermenta- tion mixture would contain that much glucose? In what other forms might the fermentable carbon appear?
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- Suppose it were possible to label glucose with 14C at any position or combination of positions. For yeast fermenting glucose to ethanol, which form or forms of labeled glucose would give the most radioactivity in CO2 and the least in ethanol?In the reaction ATP + glucose → ADP + glucose-6-phosphate, ΔG° is -16.7 kJ/mol. Assume that both ATP and ADP have a concentration of 1 M and T = 25°C. What ratio of glucose-6- phosphate to glucose would allow the reverse reaction to occur?If 500 µmoles of CO2 are produced in a yeast culture fermentation supplied with glucose (MW=180 g/mole), how many grams of glucose were consumed?
- Fermentation in yeast cells generates ethanol. is this statement true or false?One of the examples that we have used to illustrate the concept of equilibrium is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), which is the second step in g ycolysis. Draw a graph to show how the reaction Gibbs energy varies with the fraction fof F6P in solution.Label the regions of the graph that correspond to the formation of F6P and G6P being spontaneous, respectively.The complete combustion of palmitate and glucose yields 9781 kJ ∙ mol−1 and 2850 kJ ∙ mol−1 of free energy, respectively. Compare these values to the free energy (as ATP) obtained though catabolism of palmitate and glucose under standard conditions. Which process is more efficient?
- Consider the following equilibrium at 25ºC :Glucose-1-Phosphate Glucose-6-PhophateUsing the equilibrium concentrations of [Glucose-1-Phosphate] = 0.35 M and [Glucose-6-Phosphate] = 1.65 M, calculate BOTH K′eqand Gº′ for this reaction. Is this reaction exergonicor endergonic? R = 8.314 J/K·molAn enzyme catalyzes the conversion of mannose to glucose. The KM of the enzyme is 0.135 μM and the vmáx is 65 μmol/min. What is the rate of the reaction when theconcentration of mannose is 2.0 μM? a. 30.4 μM/min b. 60.9 μmol/min c. 65 μmol/min d. 60.9 μM/minFAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.(a) When a molecule is dehydrogenated, is FAD oxidizedor reduced?(b) Is FAD an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?(c) What type of substrate is FAD associated with, and whatis the type of product molecule after dehydrogenation?(d) What is the form of FAD after dehydrogenation?(e) Use the curved-arrow symbolism to write a generalequation for a reaction involving FAD.
- Plants convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose 1C6H12O62 and oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. Write a balanced equation for this reaction, and determine how many moles of CO2 are required to produce 15.0 mol of glucose.Some metabolic enzymes undergo large-scale conformational changes to prevent undesirable sidereactions. Provide one example of an enzyme involved in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle thatundergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding. What is the undesirable side reactionthat the conformational change avoids?Just as muscle cells produce lactate/lactic acid as a byproduct of fermentation, yeast cells produce ethanol (an alcohol) as a byproduct of fermentation. If you do not limit the amount of carbohydrate input to a system, how would you expect the rate of fermentation by yeast cells to proceed over time and why.