When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH. Write the equation for the second reaction, and calculate its equilibrium constant at 25 °C
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When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH. Write the equation for the second reaction, and calculate its equilibrium constant at 25 °C
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- If the hydrolysis of 1 M glucose 6-phosphate catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase has a ΔG′∘ of −11.386 kJ/mol at 25 °C, what percentage of substrate remains once the reaction reaches equilibrium assuming no product was initially present? (Round answer to the nearest whole number)Write an equation for the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.The complete combustion of palmitate and glucose yields 9781 kJ ∙ mol−1 and 2850 kJ ∙ mol−1 of free energy, respectively. Compare these values to the free energy (as ATP) obtained though catabolism of palmitate and glucose under standard conditions. Which process is more efficient?
- Lactate can be converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NAD+. Write the reaction in the standard biochemical format, using a curved arrow to show the involvement of NAD+.Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O2, ADP, and Pi as reactants and ATP, CO2, and H2O as products. (a) Stearic acid (b) Oleic acid (c) Palmitic acid (d) Linoleic acidComplete the balanced equation for the overall reaction by selecting an answer choice in the brackets. Sucrose + [2 Pi, 4Pi]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP]+[2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+]+[H2O, 5 H2O, 3 H2O] --> [2 cirate, 2 oxaloacetate, 2 pyruvate, 2 acetyl-coA]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP] + [2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+] + [2H+, 8H+, 6 H+, 4 H+, 10 H+] Does the commercial process require aerated culture medium—that is, is this a fermentation or an aerobic process? A. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ B. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ C. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ D. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+
- Given the following coupled reactions: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → pyruvate + Pi ΔG°'= -61.9 kJ/mol ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ΔG°'= -30.5 kJ/mol write the overall reaction, calculate the ΔG°’, and determine if the reaction is exergonic or endergonic. The overall reaction is ______ + _______ → _______ + _________ The overall ΔG°’ is ________ kJ/mol. Therefore, the reaction is _______(exergonic/endergonic)The enzyme malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the final step that completes the Citric Acid Cycle. The ∆G of this reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Explain how this thermodynamically unfavorable reaction could possibly be accomplished by the cell even though the reaction is not coupled to a favorable reaction.The conversion of substance X to substance Y is an endergonic reaction, but it can be driven if coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Write simple equations illustrating how that can occur.
- Write a balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed bynitrogenase.Define an oxidation/reduction (redox) reaction. Why are redox reactions important in cellular respiration?Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions or reactionsequences.(a) The reaction catalyzed by PFK-2(b) The conversion of 2 moles of oxaloacetate to glucose(c) The conversion of glucose to UDP-Glc(d) The conversion of 2 moles of glycerol to glucose(e) The conversion of 2 moles of malate to glucose-6-phosphate