The enzyme Malate Dehydrogenase (MD) catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate using icotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as an enzyme cofactor (or coenzyme). Answer the following questions about this reaction. See pp. 462-467 of your textbook for further information. (a) Briefly explain how we know that this reaction (malate → oxaloacetate) is an oxidation- reduction reaction. (b) Write out the two reductive half reactions and indicate the e°' for each half reaction. Write out the full balanced reaction for the malate to oxaloacetate reaction and indicate the Aeº' for the reaction. (c) What is the free energy change under standard state conditions (AGº') for this reaction? Which direction is spontaneous?

Q: What are some types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that require pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme?

A: Pyridoxal phosphate serves as a coenzyme for several enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It is an active…

Q: How does the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate bring about the reversal of one of the…

A: Glycolysis is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to form pyruvate and two adenosine…

Q: What type of enzyme is phosphofructokinase? And why is it in that category?

A: Phosphofructokinase is one of the most important regulatory enzymes of the glycolysis. It is an…

Q: what is the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?

A: it occurs in Kreb cycle

Q: The glycine cleavage system is a group of four enzymes that together catalyze the following…

A: Glycine is a simple non-essential amino acid. Glycine is required for the synthesis of glucose and…

Q: Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are missing from the glyoxylate cycle?

A: The glyoxylate cycle utilizes five of the eight enzymes associated with the tricarboxylic acid…

Q: Which of the following reactions is  reversible and irreversible? Why?  a. Pyruvate +…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…

Q: what is the metabolic reaction of propinoyl CoA carboxylase?

A: Propinoyl CoA carboxylase is an enzyme responsible for carboxylation reaction. Propinoyl CoA is…

Q: What is the enzyme classification of the catalyst used in the conversion of dihydroxyacetone…

A: Triose-phosphate isomerase Enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion dihydroxyacetone…

Q: Iodoacetate is a potent inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. What chemical…

A: Iodoacetate is an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GADPH) , a glycolytic enzyme…

Q: One of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fattyliver disease, an illness in which liver cells…

A: NADH or “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)” is a reduced form of molecule NAD+…

Q: Why is the Krebs cycle considered part of aerobic metabolism, even though O2 does not appear in any…

A: Asked : Reason for kreb's cycle : part of aerobic metabolism

Q: A- What are the two isoforms of this enzyme, explain why there are two isoforms? B- What are the…

A: Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase catalyzes ATP-dependent reaction from ammonia, bicarbonate and…

Q: What is the fate of cytosolic pyruvate when it is reduced by cytosolic NADH?

A: The metabolic pathway is be defined as the series of chemical reactions occurring in a living…

Q: To which class does each enzyme belong? Explain hexokinase   alanine aminotransferase alcohol…

A: The International Union of Biochemists (IUB) classifies enzymes into six functional classes based on…

Q: Why is oxaloacetate an intermediate in gluconeogenesis?

A: Glucose is the primary source of energy in the body. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate by…

Q: In the tricarboxylic acid cycle, L-malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, using NAD+ as an oxidizing…

A: Given Values: Standard reduction potential for the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate = -0.166 V…

Q: Which reaction in the citric acid cycle is most analogous to the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-…

A: Oxidative decarboxylation is a process of removal of carbon group by oxidation reaction which…

Q: How does pyruvate carboxylase deficiency result in lactic aciduria, an illness in which lactate…

A: Glucose metabolism is regulated by hormones and feedback system.

Q: Under conditions where ketone bodies are being produced in the liver, how many ATPs can be produced…

A: The oxidation of fats produces a large number of ATP. The fat oxidation takes place in the…

Q: How many moles of Acetyl CoA are produced from the beta oxidation of Lauric Acid?

A: Biomolecules are organic molecules present in living organisms. The major biomolecules are proteins,…

Q: Using the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, determine how many ATP can be produced from one mole of each…

A: In Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, 1.5 ATP are generated instead of 2.5 ATP for NADH produced during…

Q: How do the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase differ from…

A: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, abbreviated as GPDH is an enzyme that is responsible for the…

Q: What what is an oxidation-reduction process, and why are they so vital in cellular metabolism?

A: All cells function as biochemical factories. Within living cell, biomolecules are constantly being…

Q: When some of the carbons of glutamate are converted to glycogen, what is the order of the following…

A: Glutamine act as a regulator for carbohydrate metabolism where it stimulates the hepatic and renal…

Q: How many molecules of acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in the catabolism of a molecule of…

A: Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid contained in the phospholipids of the body's cell…

Q: The conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate is an example of oxidative deamination. Give the…

A: Glutamate has a significant role in carbohydrate metabolism too. It is involved in the…

Q: What type of reaction is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A: Oxidative decarboxylation is a process in which carbon dioxide is produced through the removal of a…

Q: What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase and what are its products?

A: Introduction:- Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a…

Q: What are the products of the following transamination reaction? a-ketoglutarate + alanine O…

A: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins which are composed of amino group (NH3+), carboxyl…

Q: The product of the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is: O 2-phosphoglycerate O…

A: Introduction: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also called as triose phosphate or…

Q: Is Glu-97 directly involved in reaction with the substrate (substrate = DHAP, enzyme = TIM)? What…

A: In case of enzyme TIM (triosephosphate isomerase), Glu-97 remain present adjacent to the active site…

Q: What is the reaction catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase?

A: Glucose 6-phosphate : It is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6.

Q: How is it possible for fluoroacetate to enter the citric acid cycle?

A: Carbohydrates, in particular glucose, is preferred biomolecule for ATP generation. Glucose is…

Q: Question attached

A: The Citric (CAC) acid cycle is the process, which helps to produce oxalo (OAA) acetate with the…

Q: For the following reactions, name both the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction and the required…

A: The citric acid (CAC) cycle is the major metabolic pathway in the cell, which helps to form the…

Q: The citric acid cycle operates only when O2 is present, yet O2 is not a substrate for the cycle.…

A: The citric acid cycle also referred to as the Krebs cycle or TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a…

Q: In the reaction: glu-1-phosphate to glu-6-phosphate, what reaction is involved? Name the enzyme.…

A: Glycolysis is one of the major metabolic pathways in the body. Since glucose is the primary source…

Q: Why are compounds such as glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA so important in…

A: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an intermediate during glycolysis. Pyruvate is the end product of…

Q: What reactions convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate?

A: Introduction: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate In a series of steps that produce…

Q: Under conditions where ketone bodies are being produced in the liver, how many ATPS can be produced…

A: Ketone body is the product of fatty acid break down. It is produced when the body has a low intake…

Q: What are the five enzymes (including regulatory enzymes) that constitute the pyruvate dehydrogenase…

A: Introduction: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a three-enzyme complex that transforms pyruvate…

Q: If the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate releases 1 molecule of ATP, how many…

A: glycolysis is the process of oxidation of glucose to pyruvate to yield energy source in the form of…

Q: What is the purpose of converting citrate to isocitrate in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A: Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. This cycle takes…