The existence of positive externalities associated with a programme of vaccination against a communicable disease justifies that: Select one: O a. The insurer should subsidise a part of the cost of vaccination, depending on the importance of the positive externalities. O b. The insurer should provide vaccinations at zero cost for the population. O c. The insurer should oblige each individual to pay the cost of the vaccination. O d. All the other answers are incorrect.
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- The market inverse supply curve for amoxicillin, an antibiotic with lots of generics, isrepresented by the equation P = 3 + 0.0006QS. The market demand curve is represented byQD = 187,500 − 625P.It is well known that antibiotic use generates negative externalities. How might thegovernment restrict the use of antibiotics? Show this on a demand-supply graph. Thendiscuss a potential unintended consequence of the government’s intervention.For a product with external benefits like vaccines (positive externality),which of the following is true?Select one: Oa. The market equilibrium results in too much of the good compared to what is optimalOb. The market equilibrium results in too little of the good compared to what is optimal.Oc. The market will not provide the good; it must be publicly funded.O d. Large economies of scale work as a barrier to firm entry.Consider an infectious disease such as the flu which is spread primarily through virus particles in aerosolized respiratory droplets of already infected people. a In the midst of an infectious disease epidemic of this sort, is it privately rational for people to limit their exposure to other people, perhaps by staying home from work or not going to school? b An infected person who goes out into public areas and does not take precautions to contain their respiratory emissions clearly poses a negative externality on those around them. Does an uninfected person going out into public areas also pose a negative externality? c For a particularly severe disease outbreak of this sort, one possible government response is to exaggerate to the public both the harm that might arise from contracting the disease and the likelihood of contracting the disease. In what ways might such a strategy reduce the harm to the public from the disease epidemic? In what ways might such a strategy increase the…
- Consider two ways to protect your car from theft.The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it difficult fora car thief to take your car. Lojack (a tracking system)makes it easier for the police to catch the car thiefwho has stolen it. Which of these methods confersa negative externality on other car owners? Whichconfers a positive externality? Do you think there areany policy implications of your analysis?Consider a binary choice to allow or not the emission of pollutants. The cost to consumers of allowing the pollution is C = 2,000, but this cost is only observable to the consumers. The benefit for the polluter of allowing the externality is B = 2,300, and only the polluter knows this benefit. Clearly, optimality requires this externality is allowed, since B > C. However, the final decision must be based on what each party chooses to reveal. a. Construct a tax-subsidy revelation scheme such that it is a dominant strategy for each party to report truthfully their private information. b. Show that this revelation scheme induces the optimal production of the externality. c. Show that this revelation scheme is unbalanced in the sense that the given equilibrium reports the tax to be paid by the polluter is less than the subsidy paid to the pollutee.Consider a uniformly mixed pollutant. If all of the polluters have different individual marginal abatement cost functions, then it wll not be possible to design a cost effective policy. Select one: O a. True O b. False
- Suppose that in the midst of a financial crisis, Mr Burns is forced to sell the SNPP to wealthy chocolate tycoons. The first thing the tycoons do is reverse Mr. Burns’ discriminatory policy against the obese. They eliminate the wage penalty associated with obesity but leave intact the pooled health insurance program, so Homer and Smithers still pay the same premium. a. Now do Homer’s jelly-eating, slothlike habits impose a negative externality on Smithers? Explain the nature of the negative externality. Is there any loss in net social welfare from this externality? Explain why or why not, and describe carefully any assumptions you need to answer this question. b. How might an adverse selection death spiral arise at the new SNPP?If an excise tax on cigarettes offsets the negative externalities associated with smoking, it means that: a. The Pareto efficient level of smoking will decline. b. The private marginal benefit of smoking will rise. c. The privately efficient level of smoking will equal the Pareto efficient level. d. The private marginal cost of smoking will decline. 9.In the Principal-Agency relationship in health care markets, the _______ acts as the agent for the ________, the principal. a. Government; insurer. b. Insurer; government. c. Health care provider; patient. d. Patient; health care provider. In the presence of external benefits for a health care service, the private market will generally provide: a. The economically efficient level of output. b. Less than the Pareto efficient level of output. c. More than the Pareto efficient level of output. d. The answer depends on the nature of the benefitsConsider the case of innovating vaccines without patents (in a perfectly competitive market) (a) Does an externality exist? If so, is it positive/negative (or both) (b) Use Coase’s framework to identify the cause of the externality (c) If an externality exists, determine whether the Coase theorem applies (i.e. is it feasible to assign property rights and solve the problem?) (d) If an externality exists and the Coase theorem does not apply, discuss a government/institutional solution that can mitigate the problem of externality
- )a-Ali receives utility from the Korean vaccine(K) and American vaccine(V) that he receives in thefollowing format: U=K*VPv=200Pk=160I=8000After the Korean vaccine price goes up to 250 TL, as there is increased international competition toreceive it what is the compensation the Turkish government needs to offer for the individual`s utility tostay constant?b)With the Korean vaccine price going up to 250 TL, please differentiate the substitution vs incomeeffect of this price increase. Is the vaccine a normal good or an inferior good?c) Individuals gain utility from two things: leisure(N) and numeraire good consumption(C). In their youththey maximize:U1(N1, C1) = (N)1/2 (C)1/2Budget constraint should be constructed in the following way: With 24 hours of work, you buy leisurehours, and the numeraire good, which has a price of 1. If you get an hourly wage rate of w,Please set up the Lagrangian for utility maximization. Solve for w=10, your labor decision for the firstperiod.d-Let us assume…Suppose that flu shots create a positive externality equal to $10 per shot. Further suppose that the government offers a $7-per-shot subsidy to producers. What is the relationship between the equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity of flu shots produced? Group of answer choices They are equal. The equilibrium quantity is greater than the socially optimal quantity. The equilibrium quantity is less than the socially optimal quantity. There is not enough information to answer the question.. Some dissenting scientists at Environment Canada disagree with the estimate of $1.50 for theenvironmental externality. They believe that the incidence of the externality is not constant acrossdifferent levels of production; instead the size of the externality is proportional to the level of output.That is, the larger is the output, the larger is the externality. Their research suggests that the truesocial cost of cereal production diverges from private costs at every level of production by an amountequal to ten percent of production (note: ten percent, not ten percentage points).The government would like to know the economic effects of implementing a tax to internalise theexternality in this case. Draw the diagram for this market and policy. Solve for all relevant Ps and Qs.Calculate producer surplus