The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll).a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table belowb. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's "Criteria for Causation" that are illustrated in these data. Explain. Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of lung cancer among women who did notsmoke but who have the highest exposure to involuntary smoking from aspouse who smoked compared with women who did not smoke and who hadspouses that did not smoke®ReferenceExposureNo. of cigarettes per day smoked by the spouse220Garfinkel (1981) (57)Kabat et al. (1995) (58)Humble et al. (1987) (59)Koo et al. (1987) (60)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Jec et al. (1999) (64)Du et al. (1993) (65)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Hirayaane (1984) (67)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Trichopoulos et al. (1983) (69)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Garfinkel et al. (1985) (71)Lan et al. (1987) (17)Geng et al. (1988) (72)Liu et al. (1993) (73)Pershagen et al. (1987) (74)Enour and Hirayama (1988) (75)Buffler et al. (1984) (76)Sun et al. (1996) (77)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Du et al. (1993) (65)Fontham et al. (1994) (78)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Zaridze et al. (1998) (79)Gao et al. (1987) (80)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Wu et al. (1985) (81)≥168-20No. of years of marriage to a smoker233Humble et al. (1987) (59)Choi et al. (1989) (82)Stockwell et al. (1992) (83)>102212:21>18220>20Jee et al. (1999) (64)Geng et al. (1988) (72)2:20>202412202:402312302:20221≥202:202352432:302412362302:312:40>152402:402312412:40≥302:40RR (95% CI)Results are from an analysis using non-tumor controls.$For 30 years of marriage.Years of exposure for adults (partner and workplace).1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)1.1 (0.5 to 2.3)1.2 (0.3 to 5.2)1.2 (0.5 to 3.0)1.3 (0.8 to 2.2)1.4 (0.8 to 2.6)1.4 (0.7 to 2.6)1.5 (0.7 to 3.3)1.6 (0.8 to 3.2)1.6 (0.5 to 4.6)1.7 (1.1 to 2.7)1.9 (1.0 to 3.6)1.9 (0.7 to 5.0)2.1 (1.7 to 2.6)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.8 (1.9 to 4.1)2.9 (1.2 to 7.3)3.2 (1.0 to 9.5)3.4 (1.2 to 9.7)0.9 (0.4 to 2.3)0.9 (0.5 to 1.7)1.0 (0.7 to 1.7)1.1 (0.6 to 2.1)1.1 (0.4 to 3.1)1.1 (0.7 to 1.8)1.2 (0.6 to 2.3)1.2 (0.9 to 1.7)1.3 (0.6 to 2.8)1.4 (1.0 to 2.1)1.7 (1.0 to 2.9)1.9 (0.8 to 4.3)2.0 Not available2.1 (0.7 to 6.9)2.3 (1.0 to 5.6)2.4 (1.1 to 5.3)3.1 (1.4 to 6.6)3.3 (2.1 to 5.2)*The relative risks are ranked from lowest to highest within each measure ofexposure.Rate ratios for cohort studies and odds ratios for case-control studies.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and around the world. The…

Answered: The following data (in picture) were…

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter1: Introduction To Biological Concepts And Research

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9TYK: Which of the following questions best exemplifies basic research? a. How did life begin? b. How does...