The following information is given for ethanol at 1 atm: Boiling point = 78.40°C Melting point = -114.5°C Specific heat gas = 0.3418 cal/g°C Specific heat liquid = 0.5880 cal/g°C Heat of vaporization = 200.0 cal/g Heat of fusion = 26.04 cal/g A 44.00 g sample of liquid ethanol is initially at –58.80°C. How many kcal of energy must be added to the sample to raise its temperature to 94.90°C? Energy added = | |kcal

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States of Matter

The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates). 

Chemical Reactions and Equations

When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.