The induced clones are developed by ________ into the host cell.a) Nuclear transfer b) Gene transfer c) Cell transfer d) Antigen transfer

Q: why a pathogen COULD need to turn off certain genes when infecting a host?

A: Pathogens (specially bacterial pathogens) are equipped with some specific virulence genes located…

Q: The five stages of the bacteriophage lytic cycle occur in this order:a. penetration, attachment,…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Q: What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, they are present in various shapes in nature like rod-shaped,…

Q: What is a vaccine?

A: Vaccines are a part of artificial active immunity. Antigens or a mixture of antigens which are used…

Q: Which type of phages can perform   specialized  transduction?

A: Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into the cell by a suitable virus or…

Q: Give two examples of antibiotics that act on the following: cell wall synthesis disruption of cell…

A: Antibiotics are either natural products of microorganisms or semi-synthetically produced from…

Q: Which type of phages can perform   generalized transduction?

A: Zinder and Lederberg in 1952 discovered Transduction in S.typhimurum. The phage which mediated DNA…

Q: What was one benefit of the vaccine produced by the command economy?

A: Command economy is also called as a planned economy, where the government controls all the economic…

Q: Why are encapsolated bacteria generally more pathogenic than un-capsolated strains. a. Because…

A: The capsule is a layer of polysaccharide found outside the cell envelope of bacteria.  Capsule gives…

Q: Phage is another term for which non-living, infectious agent?

A: Phages are non living infectious agents. These are obligate parasites.

Q: What would you expect to observe if you were able to “transplant” CreS into a rod-shaped bacterium…

A: CreS refers to the protein Crescentin. It is a protein found in bacteria that is similar to the…

Q: Why have attempts to find a vaccine against HIV been unsuccessful?

A: Human Immunodeficiency Viruses are types of lentivirus which causes immunosuppression in humans and…

Q: Can phage kill virus?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: Compare and contrast bacteriophage plaques with bacterial colonies.

A: A phage is consists of protein capsid and nucleic acid. A protein sheat that is contractile and…

Q: Where do true antibiotics come from in nature?

A: Antibiotics are substances which are able to inhibit or destroy growth of microorganisms. These…

Q: What is difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A:

Q: What is the DNA vaccine?

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: Is a prion always pathogenic

A:

Q: What is unique about the life cycle of a retrovirus?

A: A virus is a microscopic parasite that can replicate and reproduce only inside living cells. The…

Q: why are non-enveloped viruses generally more resistant to disinfectants than are enveloped viruses?

A: Viruses are small microscopic organisms usually containing RNA as a genome that is coverd by a…

Q: Why is it difficult to develop a universal flu vaccine?

A: A universal flu vaccine refers to the type of vaccine that will be functional against all kinds of…

Q: Does Soap kill virus?

A: Soap is the salt of long-chain fatty acids. They are used for various purposes like cleaning and…

Q: What does lambda phage do?

A: Bacteriophage is a virus, which infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. All…

Q: How can a protein, which cannot replicate itself, be a transmissible pathogen?

A: A pathogen is an organic entity that causes infection. Your body is normally brimming with…

Q: Define the following terms: a. lytic cycle b. prophage c. transduction d. lysogeny e. nuclocapsid

A: Bacteriophage was a type  virus which uses the  bacterial cell  as a host for the process of…

Q: How might a bacteriophage be used to treat a bacterial infection? – this question relates to…

A: INTRODUCTION Viruses are obligate parasites that live inside the host cells. The structure of…

Q: What are Bacterial Plasmid Vectors ?

A:

Q: What part of the host cell is degraded after phage nucleic acid has entered a host cell?

A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…

Q: What do you mean by lytic life cycle?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: The man pictured below wears several dozen ornaments in his skin, most of them applied by piercing.…

A: A piercing is the creation of an opening in a part of the body for the insertion of jewelry.

Q: How is host cell lysis triggered after bacteriophage invasion? What are the outcomes to bacterial…

A: Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates bacteria and archaea. Bacteriophage comprises…

Q: How is foreign DNA inserted into host cells?

A: Several techniques of recombinant DNA technology include the insertion of a foreign DNA into a host…

Q: What is gamma phage?

A: Bacteriophages are the obligate intracellular parasites that can proliferate inside the bacterial…

Q: What is a reassortant influenza virus and why can such virusesbe so dangerous?

A: The influenza is commonly known as the flu and it is an infectious disease caused by an influenza…

Q: what is Host DNA?

A: The DNA is the genetic material that is passed from one generation to the next generation. It is…

Q: . In order for a phage to infect the host bacterium, it is preferred that the cell wall is newly…

A: In order for a phage to infect the host bacterium, it is preferred that the cell wall is newly…

Q: What is transformation of host cells?

A: Bacterial gene transfer can be achieved by various means such as transformation, conjugation and…

Q: Which Part Of The Bacteria Actually Gets Stained?

A: The primary goal of staining is to show cytological details that would otherwise go undetected;…

Q: Why do bacterial viruses often inject their DNA directly into the cell?

A: The bacterial viruses are virus that infects the animal, plant, and unicellular organisms.

Q: what makes a prion so strong that it becomes difficult to destroy it even under high temperature?

A: Prion are mis-folded proteins, that make virus-like microorganisms called Prions. These proteins…

Q: What substance contains the information used to produce the new phage particles DNA or protein?

A: Viruses that assault microscopic organisms were seen by Twort and d'Herelle in 1915 and 1917. They…

Q: Which statement describes the difference between a lytic and lysogenic phage cycle? In a lytic…

A: A virus is a microscopic, infectious agent and they have a genetic material either RNA or DNA that…

Q: 1. a.Upon looking at these pictures, what are your thoughts regarding this pandemic that we are…

A: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Q: If a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present on a lawn of bacteria and, upon lysis,…

A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They are made of nucleic acid enclosed within the…

Q: Which pathogen must enter a cell to replicate? Which type of pathogen is composed of prokaryotic…

A: Any organism that can cause disease is considered a pathogen in the broadest definition of the term.…

Q: Who discovered retrovirus?

A: Introduction Retroviruses are the group of viruses which have RNA based genome and have a crucial…