What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?

Q: Where is IgA found in the body?

A: Antibodies are proteins, an essential part of the immune system. Antibodies are produced from the…

Q: Which bacteria produce B-lactamase enzyme which is resistant to penicillin and why?

A: Antibiotics are the medicines which are used to cure infections which are caused by bacteria. These…

Q: Why are protease inhibitors an effective treatment forhuman AIDS?

A: HIV is a member of retrovirus family that is closely related to SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency virus)…

Q: How would you measure deamidation in a monoclonal antibody?

A: A monoclonal antibody (mAb or moAb) is an antibody made up of a particular white blood cell. All…

Q: Why do you coat the elisa plate with albumin?

A: ELISA It is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. It is a common and powerful technique used for…

Q: How to avoid bacterial resistant?

A: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Many bacteria that are commensals have also become resistant…

Q: What Are Heterophile Antigens?

A: Antigens are substances that have the ability to initiate an immune response upon entering a host…

Q: What is the most chemically resistant non-spore-forming bacterial pathogen?

A: Although specific disinfectants and sterilization techniques are developed against the microbes, a…

Q: What are plaque-forming units?

A: A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles…

Q: Why are gram-positive bacteria typically more resistant than gram-negative bacteria to…

A: Bacteria are found everywhere. They can survive almost every where including bottom of oceans, our…

Q: Sketch the outer coverings of GP and GN bacteria including the cell wall, cell membranes, and…

A: GRAM STAINING METHOD:- This is a differential staining that was developed by Dr. Hans Christian Gram…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: what is the difference between  antigens and haptens

A: The general ability of the body to recognize, neutralize, and eliminate foreign substances is called…

Q: hat Is Immuno Electrophoresis?

A: A complicated network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they produce that aids in the…

Q: What are natural activeimmunization and artificialactive immunization?

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: What is the difference between bacterial vs. viral illnesses?

A: Infection occurs when a harmful, disease-causing microorganism invades and multiplies within the…

Q: How can a protein, which cannot replicate itself, be a transmissible pathogen?

A: A pathogen is an organic entity that causes infection. Your body is normally brimming with…

Q: The coating which some bacteria secrete to hide their antigen is referred to by 3 terms, give one as…

A: Some pathogens can hide their unique antigens from opsonizing antibodies or complement, They employ…

Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?

A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria  is planned to…

Q: What are the listthe host immune defenses that the microbe would have to overcome to be successful…

A: The first line of defense is broad and aims to keep microbes out of the body. The skin and mucous…

Q: How can the use of chemical agents contribute to bacterial antibiotic resistance?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that are unicellular and devoid of the cellular organelle like…

Q: How is this flagellar protein H antigen useful to those working in a medical laboratory ??

A: Bacteria such as Salmonella look similar under the microscope but they can be divided into many…

Q: Describe each compound of bacterial vaccines:   -inactivated proteinaceous toxoids (toxoids)…

A: Several procedures are used to create vaccines. They may comprise rendered sterile or dead bacteria,…

Q: How do foreignness, size, and complexity contribute to antigenicity?

A: An antigen can be defined as a foreign substance or a toxic material that stimulates an immune…

Q: Why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant than gram-positive bacteria to the cytoplasmic target…

A: Antibiotics are a type of microbial substances which are active against bacterial cells and it is…

Q: What term is used to describe the unique molecules found onthe surface of different pathogens?

A: Step 1 Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or parasites. Pathogens have a specific point of…

Q: What is the immunoassay analyzer Machine

A: Immunoassay is a test that is used to measure the concentration of a macromolecule or a small…

Q: Why Some antigens are super antigen ?

A: In immunology, an antigen is a molecule that might be available outwardly of a microorganism, that…

Q: What is the geometry of molecules of the three dimensional shape of molecules in immunoassay methods…

A: Shape is an important molecular feature determining the fate of a compound. It does so in terms of…

Q: What is gamma phage?

A: Bacteriophages are the obligate intracellular parasites that can proliferate inside the bacterial…

Q: What are the components of the yearly infl uenza vaccine? How is it manufactured?

A: Components of yearly influenza vaccine and its method of preparation is given below

Q: How is a plaque similar to a bacterial colony? 3

A: The bacteriophage viruses replicate and spread over a cell culture by producing cell destruction…

Q: What is the normal bacterial flora? What is its role in defense?

A: Introduction :- A population of bacteria that lives on or in the body and has a special ecological…

Q: What part of the connexin molecule encodes functional specificity and how do these specificities…

A: Cells together form tissue to perform specific functions. Although these cells are nearby , they…

Q: What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that control or inhibit the growth of microorganisms,…

Q: In relation to immunotechnology, answer the following:Give ONE main difference between: Murine MABs…

A: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are antigen-recognizing glycoproteins that are made…

Q: a. List the bacteria from this chapter for which general, routine vaccines are given. b. For which…

A: Immunity is the body's biological system to recognize the antigen and fight gainst them and protect…

Q: How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular…

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: How long does a bacterial infection last without antibiotics?

A: Most of the bacterial infections are localized and remain in the specific body part without…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: What is antibiotic resistance? Use your own words to explain

A: Antibiotics are a class of drugs that prevent or kill the growth of bacteria. Their mode of action…

Q: Why does the eliza with two antibodies incubate after adding the substrates?

A: ELISA are a type of immunoassay that are commonly used to quantify the specific target within a…

Q: What is Herd Immunity and what is its Immunological and public health significance?

A: Introduction :- Here immunity is a type of immunity . Herd immunity is seen when a large part of the…

Q: How could immunoglobulin cross-reactivity between foreign antigens and host cell antigens result in…

A: Introduction Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced naturally by the immune system of the body that…

Q: How does antigenic variation help bacteria become more pathogenic?

A: The immune system plays a major role in protecting the body from infectious microorganisms. There…

Bacterial Morphology

The bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that are single-celled, and are found to exist as free-living and possess a microscopic size. The morphology is found to vary in the bacteria, where some of them are identified as individual organisms and the others are detected as colonies. The size and shape of the bacterial cell also represent its morphology. 

Bacterial cell structure

Bacteria are single-celled, tiny creatures that may enter healthy tissues and grow rapidly. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are tiny and unicellular. These are members of the prokaryote kingdom. They live in water, air, soil, and all-natural environments. They are used in industrial and therapeutic processes, and they support a wide range of plant and animal life. The first organism to appear on the planet. Bacteria-like creatures are the oldest known fossils. Bacteria can consume a wide range of organic and inorganic elements, and some may even survive in harsh conditions.