1 Introduction To Chemistry 2 Atoms And Molecules 3 Molecules, Moles, And Chemical Equations 4 Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 The Periodic Table And Atomic Structure 7 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure 8 Molecules And Materials 9 Energy And Chemistry 10 Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Electrochemistry 14 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter3: Molecules, Moles, And Chemical Equations
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1CO: • describe the chemical processes used in biomass production and conversion to biofuels. Problem 2CO Problem 3CO: list at least three quantities that must be conserved in chemical reactions. Problem 4CO: Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions, given either an unbalanced equation or a... Problem 5CO Problem 6CO Problem 7CO: Interconvert between mass, number of molecules, and number of moles. Problem 8CO: Determine a chemical formula from elemental analysis (i.e., from % composition). Problem 9CO: define the concentration of a solution and calculate the molarity of solutions from appropriate... Problem 10CO: Calculate the molarity of solutions prepared by dilution or calculate the quantities needed to carry... Problem 11CO Problem 12CO Problem 13CO Problem 14CO: write molecular and ionic equations for acidbase neutralization reactions. Problem 3.1PAE Problem 3.2PAE Problem 3.3PAE Problem 3.4PAE: A newspaper article states that biomass has actually been used as an energy source throughout human... Problem 3.5PAE Problem 3.6PAE Problem 3.7PAE: Which symbols are used to indicate solids, liquids, gases, and aqueous solutions in chemical... Problem 3.8PAE: How is the addition of heat symbolized in a chemical equation? The addition of light energy? Problem 3.9PAE Problem 3.10PAE: 3.10 Define the term stoichiometric coefficient. Problem 3.11PAE: 3.11 Balance these equations. (a) Al(s) + O2(g)( Al2O3(s) (b) N2(g) + H2(g) (NH3(g) (c) C6H6(l) +... Problem 3.12PAE: 3.11 Balance the following equations. (a) CaC2(s) + H2O(l)( Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g) (b) (NH4)2CrO7(s) (... Problem 3.13PAE: 3.13 An explosive whose chemical formula is C3H6N6O6 produces water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen... Problem 3.14PAE: 3.14 A number of compounds are used in cement, and reactions among them occur when water is added.... Problem 3.15PAE: 3.15 Ethanol, C2H5OH is found in gasoline blends used in many parts of North America. Write a... Problem 3.16PAE: 3.16 Balance the following equations. (a) reaction to produce "super-phosphate" fertilizer:... Problem 3.17PAE: 3.17 Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) production of ammonia,... Problem 3.18PAE: 3.18 Diborane and related compounds were proposed as rocket fuels in the 1950s. A representative... Problem 3.19PAE: 3.19 Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is used as a reinforcing fiber in con- struction materials. It can be... Problem 3.21PAE Problem 3.20PAE Problem 3.23PAE Problem 3.22PAE Problem 3.24PAE: 3.24 Classify the following compounds as electrolytes or non- electrolytes. (a) potassium chloride,... Problem 3.25PAE: 3.25 The following compounds are water-soluble. What ions are produced by each compound in aqueous... Problem 3.26PAE: 3.26 Decide whether each of the following is water-soluble. If soluble, tell what ions are produced.... Problem 3.27PAE Problem 3.28PAE: 3.28 A packaging engineer is working on a new design for cold packs. A burst chamber in the pack... Problem 3.29PAE: 3.29 Classify each of these as an acid or a base. Which are strong and which are weak? What ions are... Problem 3.30PAE: 3.30 Define the term spectator ion. Problem 3.31PAE: 3.31 What is the difference between a total ionic equation and a net ionic equation? Problem 3.32PAE: 3.32 Balance the following equations and then write the net ionic equation. (a)(NH4)2CO3 (aq)+... Problem 3.33PAE: 3.33 Balance the following equations, and then write the net ionic equation. (a) Zn(s) + HC1(aq) (... Problem 3.34PAE: 3.34 In principle, it may be possible to engineer the trap- ping of carbon dioxide by a... Problem 3.35PAE: 3.35 Explain the concept of the mole in your own words. Problem 3.36PAE: 3.36 How many entities are present in each of the following? (a) 3.21 mol argon atoms. (b) 1.3 ×... Problem 3.37PAE: 3.37 If atypical grain of sand occupies a volume of 1.3 × 10-4 cm3, what is the volume (in cm3) of 1... Problem 3.38PAE: 3.38 Estimate the size of a particle 1 mole of which would fill your bedroom or dorm room. Problem 3.39PAE: 3.39 Calculate the molar mass of each of the following com- pounds. (a) Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide, (b)... Problem 3.40PAE: 3.40 Calculate the molar masses (in grams per mole) of each of the following. (a) cane... Problem 3.41PAE: 3.41 Calculate the molar mass of each of these compounds and the mass percentage of each element.... Problem 3.42PAE Problem 3.43PAE: 3.43 Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds. (a) magnesium phosphate, (b) sodium... Problem 3.44PAE: 3.44 Determine the molar mass of these ceramic materials. (a) HfN, (b) ThO2, (c) BaTiO3 Problem 3.45PAE: A chemist needs exactly 2 moles of KNO3 to make a solution. What mass of solid KNO3 must be used? Problem 3.46PAE: 3.46 What mass of ozone (O3) contains 4.5 moles of the substance? Problem 3.47PAE: 3.47 Calculate the mass in grams of each the following. (a) 2.5 mol of aluminum, (b) 1.25 × 10—3 mol... Problem 3.48PAE: 3.48 Calculate the mass in grams of 13.5 mol of (a) vinyl chlo- ride, C2H3Cl, the starting material... Problem 3.49PAE: 3.49 How many moles are present in the given quantities of ex- plosives? (a) 358.1 g trinitrotoluene... Problem 3.50PAE: 3.50 A test of an automobile engine's exhaust revealed that g of NO2 was emitted in 10 minutes of... Problem 3.51PAE: 3.51 Modern instruments can measure a mass as small as 5 nano- grams. If one observed 5.0 ng of CO2,... Problem 3.52PAE: 3.52 How many H atoms are present in 7.52 g of propane, C3H8? Problem 3.53PAE: 3.53 How many O atoms are present in 214 g of mannose (C6H12O6)? Problem 3.54PAE: A sample of H2C2O4.2H2O of mass 3.35 g is heated to drive off the waters of hydration (designated... Problem 3.55PAE: 3.55 An average person inhales roughly 2.5 g of O2 in a minute. How many molecules of oxygen are... Problem 3.56PAE: 3.56 A large family of boron-hydrogen compounds has the general formula BxHy. One member of this... Problem 3.57PAE Problem 3.58PAE: 3.58 Determine the simplest formulas of the following compounds. (a) the food enhancer monosodium... Problem 3.59PAE: 3.59 The composition of materials such as alloys can be described in terms of mole percentage... Problem 3.60PAE: 3.60 Copper can have improved wear resistance if alloyed with ceramic alumina, A12O3. If a copper... Problem 3.61PAE: 3.61 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions. (a) 1.45 mol HCl in 250. mL of... Problem 3.62PAE: 3.62 What is the molarity of each ion present in aqueous solutions prepared by dissolving 20.00 g of... Problem 3.63PAE: 3.63 How many moles of solute are present in each of these solutions? (a) 48.0 mL of 3.4 M H2SO4.... Problem 3.64PAE: 3.64 How many grams of solute are present in each of these solutions? (a) 37.2 mL ofO.471 M HBr (b)... Problem 3.65PAE: 3.65 Determine the final molarity for the following dilutions. (a) 24.5 mL of 3.0 M solution diluted... Problem 3.66PAE Problem 3.67PAE Problem 3.68PAE: 3.68 Magnesium is lighter than other structural metals, so it is increasingly important in the... Problem 3.69PAE Problem 3.70PAE Problem 3.71PAE: 3.71 What is meant by the term carbon reservoir? What are the two largest carbon reservoirs for our... Problem 3.72PAE Problem 3.73PAE Problem 3.74PAE Problem 3.75PAE: 3.75 The following pictures show a molecular-scale view of a chemical reaction between the compounds... Problem 3.76PAE Problem 3.77PAE: 3.77 Answer each of the following questions. Note that none of them should require difficult... Problem 3.78PAE: 3.78 Consider two samples of liquid: I mole of water (H2O) and 1 mole of ethanol. Answer each of the... Problem 3.79PAE: 3.79 Consider two samples. Sample A contains 2 moles of N2 and 1 mole of O2, and Sample B contains 1... Problem 3.80PAE: 3.80 Which one of the following metal samples cannot possibly exist? not? (a) a piece of gold foil... Problem 3.81PAE: 3.81 The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between H2 and O2... Problem 3.82PAE: 3.82 The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between N2 and O2... Problem 3.83PAE: 3.83 For the reaction of nitrogen, N2, and hydrogen, H2, to form ammonia, NH3, a student is... Problem 3.84PAE: 3.84 The picture shown depicts the species present at the start of a combustion reaction between... Problem 3.85PAE: 3.85 The particulate drawing shown represents an aqueous so- lution of an acid HA, where A might... Problem 3.86PAE: 3.86 When a solution is diluted, solvent is added but solute is not. Explain how this idea leads to... Problem 3.87PAE: 3.87 Nitric acid (HNO3) can be produced by the reaction of ni- trogen dioxide (NO2) and water.... Problem 3.88PAE: 3.88 One Step in the enrichment of uranium for use in nuclear power plants involves the reaction of... Problem 3.89PAE: 3.89 Pyridine has the molecular formula C5H5N. When pyri- dine reacts with O2, the products are CO2,... Problem 3.90PAE: 3.90 Pyrrole has the molecular formula C4H5N. When pyrrole reacts with O2, the products are CO2,... Problem 3.91PAE: 3.91 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is extremely toxic, but it is used in the production of several... Problem 3.92PAE: 3.92 Many chemical reactions take place in the catalytic con- verter of a car. In one of these... Problem 3.93PAE: 3.93 Adipic acid is used in the production of nylon, so it is manufactured in large quantities. The... Problem 3.94PAE: 3.94 Calcium carbonate (limestone, CaCO3) dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing water and carbon... Problem 3.95PAE: 3.95 Cumene is a hydrocarbon, meaning that it contains only carbon and hydrogen. If this compound is... Problem 3.96PAE: 3.96 Methyl cyanoacrylate is the chemical name for the substance sold as Super Glue, and it has the... Problem 3.97PAE: 3.97 A low-grade form of iron ore is called taconite, and the iron in the ore is in the form Fe3O4.... Problem 3.98PAE: 3.98 The characteristic odor of decaying flesh is due to the presence of various nitrogen-containing... Problem 3.99PAE: 3.99 Iron—platinum alloys may be useful as high-density recording materials because of their... Problem 3.100PAE: 3.100 Some aluminum—lithium alloys display the property of superplasticity, meaning they can undergo... Problem 3.101PAE: 3.101 Which (if any) of the following compounds are electrolytes? (a) glucose, C6H12O6, (b) ethanol,... Problem 3.102PAE: 3.102 Classify the following compounds as acids or bases, weak or strong. (a) perchloric acid, (b)... Problem 3.103PAE: 3.103 What is the mass in grams of solute in 250.0 mL of a 0.0125 M solution of KMnO4? Problem 3.104PAE: 3.104 What volume of 0.123 M NaOH in milliliters contains 25.0 g NaOH? Problem 3.105PAE: 3.105 Nitric acid is often sold and transported as a concentrated 16 M aqueous solution. How many... Problem 3.106PAE: 3.106 Twenty-five mL of a 0.388 M solution of Na2SO4 is mixed with 35.3 mL of 0.229 M Na2SO4. What... Problem 3.107PAE: 3.107 As computer processor speeds increase, it is necessary for engineers to increase the number of... Problem 3.108PAE: 3.108 As chip speeds increase, the width of the interconnects described in Problem 3.107 must be... Problem 3.109PAE: 3.109 Materials engineers often create new alloys in an effort to improve the properties of an... Problem 3.110PAE: 3.110 The protein that carries oxygen in the blood is called hemoglobin. It is 0.335% Fe by mass.... Problem 3.111PAE: 3.111 The chlorophyll molecule responsible for photosynthesis in plants contains 2.72% Mg by mass.... Problem 3.112PAE: 3.112 In one experiment, the burning of 0.614 g of sulfur produced 1.246 g of sulfur dioxide as its... Problem 3.113PAE: 3.113 MgCl2 is often found as an impurity in table salt (NaCl). If a 0.05200-g sample of table salt... Problem 3.114PAE Problem 3.115PAE: 3.115 The average person exhales 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide in a day. Describe how you would estimate... Problem 3.116PAE: 3.116 The simplest approximate chemical formula for the human body could be written as... Problem 3.117PAE: 3.117 For the oxides of iron, FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, describe how you would determine which has the... Problem 3.118PAE: 3.118 Consider common sugars such as glucose (C6H12O6) and sucrose (C12H22O11). What type of... Problem 3.119PAE Problem 3.120PAE: 3.120 1f you have 32.6 g of sodium carbonate that is dissolved to give 2.10 L of solution, what is... Problem 3.121PAE: 3.121 If you have 21.1 g of iron(II) nitrate that is dissolved to give 1.54 L of solution, what is... Problem 3.122PAE: 3.122 What type of reasoning were we using when we developed the equation for dilution, MiVi=MfVf ? Problem 3.123PAE: 3.123 Most periodic tables provide molar masses with four or five significant figures for the... Problem 3CO: list at least three quantities that must be conserved in chemical reactions.
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Concept explainers
The new substances formed during a chemical reaction are known as
Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Expert Solution
A chemical reaction is the process in which atoms present in the starting substances rearrange to give new chemical combinations present in the substances formed by the reaction.
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