The pentose phosphate pathway:
Q: When glucose is reduced, only one alditol is produced.When fructose undergoes the same reaction,…
A: Fructose on reduction gives a mixture of two alcohols which are related as diastereomers as well as…
Q: Some amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic. Explain the difference between the two types and…
A: Glucogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
Q: Amino groups in amino acids are removed by oxidative deamination followed by transamination.
A: The first step in catabolizing, or breaking down, an amino acid is the removal of its amine group…
Q: True or false Lactase breaks down all the disaccharides
A: Lactase is an enzyme, which is produced by cells that line the walls of the small intestine. These…
Q: which can then enter the citric acid cycle to be further metabolized
A: Citric acid also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or Kreb cycle is a part of aerobic cellular…
Q: Pathways of formation and using of a pool of free amino acids in the human body.
A: Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains made up of amino acids. There are several proteases…
Q: All the synthesis reactions in the body form a division of metabolism called_______ .
A: Metabolism is defined as the series of biochemical reactions occurring in the cells of a living…
Q: The complete oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate derived from free glucose yields 30 molecules ATP,…
A: Glycolysis is the catabolic process of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. these…
Q: In glycogen synthesis , the active form of glucose used is :: A) glucose 6 phosphate B) glucose 1…
A: Glycogen Synthesis is the process of synthesis of glycogen from glucose in liver and skeletal…
Q: This is the process by which the fat undergone addition of H ions to produce a more stable fatty…
A: Carboxylic acid with hydrocarbon side chain are fatty acids. Fatty acids are mostly esterified but…
Q: Which of the following is an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis? citrate O ADP O acetyl COA ATP
A: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway which participates in the synthesis of glucose. Through this…
Q: The process where short-chain fatty acids are produced
A: The biomolecules that aid in the generation of fat in the body is referred to as fatty acids. Those…
Q: Which is an ACTIVATOR of fatty acid biosynthesis O epinephrine O citrate O glucagon O palmityoyl CoA
A: Fatty acid synthesis is the formation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH by the action enzymes…
Q: Glycogenosis, is the inability to break down: Galactose Lactose Fructose Glycogen
A: Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen is also called animal storage sugar that is…
Q: Vitamin ____________________ is a component of Coenzyme A.
A: Vitamins are the substances that our body need on minute quanitities.they help us to grow and…
Q: Which of the following can be used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis in the liver?a. fatty…
A: The correct answer is (c) glycerol
Q: Using albinism and phenylketonuria as examples, explain what is meant by inborn errors of…
A: Inborn error metabolism is a genetic disorder that is often present at birth. There are different…
Q: The Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction produces a product required for amino acid synthesis. True or…
A: Amino acids are compounds that contain alpha-amino and alpha-carboxylate functional groups together…
Q: which of the below is the product of β-enoyl-ACP reductase:
A: Fatty acid synthesis is a cyclic process. After each cycle, the length of the fatty acid increases…
Q: Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.
A: Glucose is a simple sugar, which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a…
Q: In liver, the accumulation of which of the following metabolite attenuates the inhibitory of ATP on…
A: Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme that converts Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate…
Q: Non-proteinogenic amino acids, their features. The functional role of non-proteinogenic amino acids…
A: Non-proteinogenic amino acids are those amino acids which are not coded in mRNA but they are…
Q: Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
A: Citric acid cycle is also known as Krebs cycle. It is a chain of chemical reactions. It takes place…
Q: The specific role of Vitamin K is in the synthesis of _______.
A: The nutrient is the substance that is essential for the organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The…
Q: List three differences between fatty acid synthesis andb-oxidation.
A: Fatty acids are the biomolecules that are the building blocks of fats in the body. they joined…
Q: List three differences between fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation.
A: Fatty acid synthesis : It is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the…
Q: Which of the following a.glucose b. alpha-keto acids c. ketone bodies d. glucose is appropriate…
A: Metabolism is the sequential chemical reaction where the human body converts food intake into energy…
Q: The synthesis of fat molecules from glycerol and fatty acids. This process includes the conversion…
A: Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks molecules into smaller units accompanied…
Q: _________________ is a component of Coenzyme A, which is vital to the catabolism of carbohydrates…
A: Coenzyme A is a important biomolecule synthesized by the body to serve in a variety of metabolic…
Q: The difference in the action of water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins.
A: Vitamins are organic substances that act as micronutrients in the body. whereas these are the…
Q: Elevated concentration of ketones in the blood is called_____________________.
A: A ketone in blood test measures the level of ketones in your blood. Ketones are substances that body…
Q: A glycolytic substrate which is the precursor of the pentose phosphate pathway.
A: The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of the cell to…
Q: GLUCONEOGENESIS Reactant Coenzyme/ Product Cofactor Enzymes
A: The balance between the rate of glucose leaving and entering the blood circulation…
Q: The oxidation product of ketone bodies:
A: The loss of electrons during a reaction is known as oxidation.
Q: glycogenolysis : glycogen phosphorylase : gluconeogenesis :
A: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic mechanism in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate carbon…
Q: Which of the following enzymes is considered as the principal enzyme for the regulation of…
A: Glycogen is storage form of glucose. It can be synthesized from glucose by glycogenesis.…
Q: In your own words, what is the relevance of the pentose phosphate pathway? a comprehensive…
A: The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the pentose phosphate shunt, is an important part…
Q: Entire metabolic pathway of galactosemia
A: Galactosemia is an inborn error of galactose metabolism. Galactosemia is caused by the deficiency of…
Q: Which of the following monosaccharide phosphates is NOT produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?…
A: pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway of hexose oxidation where glucose-6-phosphate is…
Q: Describe the function implied by the name of each of the following enzymes 1. Citrate decarboxylase…
A: Proteins are biomolecules present in living organisms. It is formed by joining amino acids through…
Q: Each of the following molecules is processed by glycolysis to lactate.How much ATP is generated from…
A: Glycolysis is the process that occurs in the cytoplasm irrespective of the presence or absence of…
Q: All of the following enzymes are involved in glycogenesis/glycogen synthesis EXCEPT
A: Glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase. Glycogen is synthesised from glucose…
Q: Which of the following is true regarding Glycogen
A: Polysaccharides are large polymers that essentially comprise of 10-1000s of monosaccharides which…
Q: The pentose phosphate pathway is composed of two distinct phases. What are the two phases and what…
A: Introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a branch of the glycolytic or gluconeogenic…
Q: Metabolic disorder related to Lipid metabolism
A: The two sources of fats in the body are the ones that come from the diet and the other which are…
Q: .Role of liver in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
A: Liver is the most flexible metabolic organ in higher vertebrates. The diet we eat can vary in its…
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- Question 1: The overall process enabled by the glyoxylate cycle is: (2acetyl-CoA) + (NAD+) + (2H2O) → (succinate) + (2CoA) + (NADH) + (2H+) Dissect this process further by writing down all of the reactions that are actually involved in making one succinate from two acetyl-CoA units. Show chemical structure for all intermediates.QUESTION 47 The role of oxygen gas in our cells is to accept electrons that come from NADH. produce CO2. react with glucose to split water. catalyze reactions in glycolysis. breakdown ATP.QUESTION 2 2.1 Draw a metabolic chart indicating the carbohydrate transporters involved in intestinal transport and distribution of glucose, ga/actose and fructose. 2.2. Draw a metabolic chart depicting the reactions of phase 1 of the glycolysis pathway, including metabolite names, enzyme names and cofactors. Chemical structures are not a requirement in this answer 2.3.raw a diagram of the reactions of mitochondria/ 8-oxidation of hexanoic acid (CH3-(CH2)4-COOH). Include activation and mitochondria/ transportation and the structures of the intermediates
- Question 1: The 4 kinase steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase. Write each of these four reactions, including all participants. i. ii. iii. iv.QUESTION 22 When the final product of a series of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions binds to the first enzyme in the pathway to limit its production, it generally uses ___ because the structure of this final product is generally not similar to that of any of the enzyme's normal substrates. Allosteric activation Zymogen activation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Allosteric inhibitionQUESTION 9 True or False: In the presence of O2, all of the ATP made by aerobic organisms comes from oxidative phosphorylation. True False
- Question 94 Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during _____. electron transport chemiosmosis glycolysis the citric acid cycleQuestion 1: In some microorganisms, carbon fixation occurs by reversal of the citric acid cycle. This reversal is accomplished in part by the use of a strong reductant (ferredoxin) to drive the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction in the reductive direction. Part a: ΔG°‘ for reaction as it occurs in the ‘normal’ (oxidative) citric acid cycle is -30.1 kJ/mol. The standard reduction potential for NADH is -0.32 V. In order to drive the reaction in the reverse direction, the reductant (a ferredoxin) must have a lower reduction potential than NADH/NAD+. Remembering that this is a two-electron reduction, and using the numbers given just above, compute the value of the ferredoxin reduction potential that would be needed to make the standard free energy zero (so that the reductive reaction is enegetically just as favorable as the oxidative reaction). Assume that all of the other reactants are the same in the reductive as in the oxidative reaction. Write out the steps in your calculation;…Question No. 1 Give the advantages and disadvantages of submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation. Give two examples of acetic acid fermentation.
- QUESTION 1 a. John has just taken his Lunch meal, after which he is going to takes his Daily soccer practice match in the next 30 min, how will glycolysis operate/work in such conditions or be applicable b. How will oxidative phosphorylation work in sickly John who usually practice daily in soccer? Make possible scenarios c. Enzymes are critical in the metabolism of most most organic compounds, actually 30% of reactions are catalysed by them. How would the inactive enzymes (Sickness) in electron Transport Chain compromise the fat breakdown in the body.Question 9 - Under anaerobic conditions in the muscle, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction converting pyruvate to lactate. What is the metabolic reason for this fermentation reaction? It is necessary to reduce pyruvate before it can be converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle in muscle. NAD* must be replenished for glycolysis to continue. The reaction creates NADH which can produce additional energy in the electron transport chain. O Lactate is more oxidized than pyruvate.Question 1: Part a: Assume that the standard free energy of ATP hydrolysis is -31 kJ/mol. Assume the following values for the standard free energy changes of the four reactions: HK -16.7 kJ/mol; PFK -14.2 kJ/mol; PGK -18.9 kJ/mol; PK -31.7 kJ/mol. (from bio.libretexts.org). Use these values to compute the standard free energy of hydrolysis (releasing Pi) of i. glucose 6-P ii. fructose 1,6-bis-P iii. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate iv. phosphoenolpyruvate Part b: Which of these four compounds is the strongest phosphoryl donor?______________ Which is the weakest?__________________ Part c: The phosphoglycerate kinase reaction is favorable by -18.9 kJ/mol in the glycolytic direction, as stated above. In gluconeogenesis, this step is simply reversed; i.e. it is not one of the three steps in gluconeogenesis that is driven by using different chemistry than that of glycolysis. How can this be? (Be specific: what specific factors could enable reversal of this step?)