The toxic effect of Na+ ions can be avoided in some plant species by storing them in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytosol. Calculate the maximum vacuolar-to-cytosolic [Na+] ratio that could be achieved by a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism in the vacuolar membrane if the cytosolic pH is 7.4 and the vacuolar pH is 5.6.
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The toxic effect of Na+ ions can be avoided in some plant species by storing them in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytosol. Calculate the maximum vacuolar-to-cytosolic [Na+] ratio that could be achieved by a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism in the vacuolar membrane if the cytosolic pH is 7.4 and the vacuolar pH is 5.6.
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- Suppose the concentration of glucose inside a cell is 0.1 mM and the cell issuspended in a glucose solution of 0.01 mM.(a) What would be the free energy change, in kJ/mol, for the transport ofglucose from the medium into the cell? Assume T = 37 °C.(b) What would be the free energy change, in kJ/mol, for the transport ofglucose from the medium into the cell if the intracellular and extracellularconcentrations were 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively?(c) If the processes described in parts (a) and (b) were coupled toATP hydrolysis, how many moles of ATP would have to be hydrolysed,per mole of glucose transported, in order to make each process favorable? (Use the standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis.)EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-amino ethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) is a chelating agent with high affinity and specificity for Ca2+. By microinjecting acell with an appropriate Ca2+-EGTA solution, an experimenter can prevent cytosolic [Ca2+] from rising above 10+7 M. How would EGTA microinjection affect a cell’s response to vasopressin ? To glucagon?Consider a mutant version of a cell-surface receptor. This mutation does not affect the amount of receptor produced by the cell, but it does decrease the efficiency with which the receptor is incorporated to form endocytic vesicles. Based on the mechanism of vesicle formation & cargo loading, what interaction is most likely to be disrupted by this mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor? In other words, what might now be unable to effectively bind to the receptor? Briefly explain your reasoning.
- Calculate the mass of invertase (in mg) and concentration of invertase (in mM) contained in a 25.0mL sample of yeast extract that has 3,000 total units of activity, assuming that pure invertase has a specific activity of 1,000 units/mg with a mass of 270kD.How is it possible for the GABA activated chloride channel (GABA-A receptor) to switch the direction of ion flow during development? This occurs when the KCC2 transporter becomes active and transports chloride ions out of the cell to lower the chloride concentration inside the cell from 25mM to 4mM. Explain your answer using thermodynamic principles of ion flow through ion channels (passive diffusion while the channel is open). Hint: calculate deltaG (free energy change), R=8.315 J/mol *K, T=310K, F=96,500 J/(V*mol), membrane potential (delta psi) = -60mV (negative inside), Cl- concentration outside cell: 110mMDetermine Km, Vmax, and kcat (in 1/s) for VF-6-2 efflux out of vesicles made from DV membranes with wild type PfCRT. What does the mutation in PfCRT appear to do to transport of VF-6?
- Using the ActiveModel for phosphofructokinase (Trypanosoma), describe the difference between the APO1, AP02, and holoenzyme conformations.The CMC of SDS is 8.2 mM at 25 °C. Please describe the biological membrane solubilization when [SDS] is below or above 8.2 mM in the solution.You are considering transport of Fe3+ out of a biological cell with a membrane potential of -60 mV. What is the value for delta psi in this case? (Make sure you express this value in proper units, i.e., as you would enter this value into the change in free energy of transport equation.)