There are three termination codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) but usually only one initiation codon (AUG) is used. Propose some possible reasons for why there are more termination codons than initiation codons.

Q: if there are multiple start condo, how can you identify the real start codon? a) By observing…

A: The DNA or RNA sequence consists of three nucleotides and determines the particular amino acid that…

Q: How does a eukaryotic ribosome select its start codon? Describe the sequences in eukaryotic mRNA…

A: The process in which eukaryotic ribosome selects its start codon is a part of translation.…

Q: What is the role of 5' end of RNA transcript in eukaryotes during initiation of translation?…

A: Throughout transcription, the 5' cap is inserted to the transcript's first nucleotide. The cap is an…

Q: Explain how it is possible that some tRNA molecules recognize more than one codon

A: Introduction: The process of translation involves the synthesis of the polypeptide chain with the…

Q: One of the codons in mRNA that specifies the amino acid phenylalanine is UUC. What is the anticodon…

A: Answer: Introduction: An anticodon means the three-base arrangement, paired with a specific amino…

Q: The covalent attachment of an amino acid to a tRNA is an endergonic reaction. In other words, it…

A: Introduction  In the protein translation process, the key role is played by the tRNA which…

Q: Describe what two reaction steps are required for the formation of an aminoacyl-tRNA?

A: Transfer RNA, often known as tRNA, is a tiny RNA molecule that is essential for the production of…

Q: Describe the anticodon of a single tRNA that could recognize the codons 5′–AAC–3′ and 5′–AAU–3′.…

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. It can be genetic…

Q: Some mitochondria use a second codon, in addition to AUG, to specify Met. Which codon(s) is (are)…

A: A codon refers to a specific sequence of deoxy ribonucleotide (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), which…

Q: The Shine-Dalgarno Sequence is used in bacteria eukaryotes both

A: The nucleotide segment at the 3' terminal of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has several pyrimidines with a…

Q: For each of the following initiation factors, how would eukaryoticinitiation of translation be…

A: Initiation factors are a kind of proteins, which bind to the smaller subunit of the ribosome. This…

Q: Explain the genetic advantage for the codon 5'-AAG-3' to code lysine and the codon 5'-AGG-3' to code…

A: Introduction Any of the 64 distinct DNA sequences of three consecutive nucleotides that either…

Q: The earliest work on the genetic code established UUU, CCC, and AAA as the codons for Phe, Pro, and…

A: The genetic code can be defined as a set of rules. The information is encoded in the genetic…

Q: A nonsense mutation occurs in the AB sequence. What would be the most significant outcome of this?

A: Metabolic pathways- Metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a…

Q: How and when does formylmethionine become attached to the initiator tRNA in bacteria?

A: Bacterial cell is composed of three types of RNA: first type is mRNA, which codes for amino acid to…

Q: For translation, identify two things that happen during each step - initiation, elongation and…

A: Translation is a complex process it is the final formation of protein with the help of m RNA, t RNA…

Q: How does a eukaryotic ribosome select its start codon? Describe the sequences in eukaryotic mRNAs…

A: The biological mechanism by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes is known…

Q: Consider the following wild-type and mutant sequences:Wild-type ....CTTGCAAGCGAATC....Mutant…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a biomolecule found in nearly all living organisms. The structure of…

Q: In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs have been found to have a circular arrangement in which proteins hold the…

A: In the context of cell biology, the rate of mRNA translation into cellular proteins called…

Q: For the below sequence, where the +1 site is in bold underline and the +10 and -10 sites are also…

A: Option 1 i.e. 5' AUA 3' is the correct answer.

Q: Find self-complementary regions in the following RNA sequence: AUGUGGCAUGCCAGG

A: Biomolecules includes carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Nucleic acid plays an…

Q: From this overall anticodon sequence in tRNA,…

A: Biological macromolecules are those large molecules that are necessary for the survival and growth…

Q: List all single base substitutions that would change a codon for Leu to a nonsense codon. For each,…

A: Mutation: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to…

Q: How do the wobble rules affect the total number of different tRNAs that are needed to carry out…

A: The pairing of tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon lead from the 5’ end of codon. The first 2 position…

Q: Consider the tryptophan codon 5′ - UGG - 3′ in the standard genetic code . Can a single base change…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) is a molecule comprised of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each…

Q: What naturally found amino acyl tRNA synthetase can be used to attach 2-aminobutyric acid to a tRNA?…

A: Higher living beings vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids. Most bacteria…

Q: Give the anti-codon of this Trna?

A: Transfer RNA or tRNA is an adapter molecule, which plays an essential role in decoding the sequence…

Q: Explain whether the specificity of lysine incorporation by lysyl-tRNA synthetase depends on tRNA or…

A: The attachment of the amino acid to the cognate tRNA is caused by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.…

Q: The wobble pairing rule states that a 'U' in teh anticodon wobble position can pair with 'A' or 'G',…

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. It can be genetic…

Q: The E site may not require codon recognition. Why?

A: The translation is the process, during which protein is synthesized from mRNA sequence. The mRNA…

Q: A tRNA anticodon has the base sequence CCG. Identify the DNA base sequence that was used to produce…

A:

Q: ) Identify the current stage of the translation process shown in Figure 1 and name the anticodon…

A: Translation is a orocess in which mRNA produce  protein by the help of ribosome and tRNA.there are…

Q: The ribosome can transfer any peptidyl group from the P-site tRNA to any aminoacyl group on the…

A: Proteins or polypeptides are sequence of amino acids which are linked by peptide bond or amide bond.…

Q: Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation with respect todelivering an initiator…

A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…

Q: Why do scientists now believe that AUG is not always the start codon?

A: The start codon is the codon that is translated first for a mRNA transcript. Usually, the most…

Q: Explain what is meant by stating that the genetic code is triplet and nonoverlapping? What did the…

A: The genetic code may be defined as the exact sequence of DNA nucleotides read as three letter words…

Q: In prokaryotes, _________bind to a sequence called theShine-Dalgarno box adjacent to the AUG…

A: Shine Dalgarno box sequence is found on mRNA 8 bases upstream of the start codon. The start codon is…

Q: An RNA polymer is made by using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase with equal quantities of CTP…

A: The amino acids are coded by the group of three bases called base triplets and codons.

Q: Describe how the base pairing between the Shine–Dalgarno sequence and the 30S subunit provides a…

A: The translation represents the process of protein synthesis by which the base sequence of the mRNA…

Q: Methionine is used as the first amino acid for a particular polypeptide, but it is removed during…

A: The synthesis of proteins from the m RNA is called translation.

Q: For each of the following sequences, rank them in order (from best to worst) as sequences that could…

A: DNA is the genetic material that carries genetic information in the form of coded nucleotide…

Q: Why RNase H cannot remove all the RNA residue from Okazaki fragments to form a lagging strand?…

A: Ribonuclease H RNase H is a non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes the…

Q: A mutation that changes a C to a T causes a type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, forming a “stop” codon…

A: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a most common genetic connective disorder causing the collagen of body to…

Q: Diagram the likely secondary structure of an RNA with the sequence

A: The secondary structure of RNA is referred to as the folding of a single polynucleotide sequence of…

Q: For each of the following initiation factors, how would eukaryotic initiation of translation be…

A: The process of translation is characterized by the formation of the polypeptide or the proteins from…

Q: Consider the wobble rules listed in Table 15.2. Which of the following mRNA codons will bind to the…

A: Protein translation is the process of molecular biology in which the mRNA synthesized by the process…

Q: How does placement of a ribosome at the start codon differ in bacteria and eukaryotes? What role do…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with metabolic machinery different from the eukaryotes.

Q: If a tRNA molecule carries a glutamic acid, what are the two possible anticodon sequences that it…

A: An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence that is complementary to that of a corresponding codon in…

Genomics

Genes are responsible for transmitting the characters located on the chromosomes from one individual to another across the generations. Genetics is the study of different genes that are involved in different functions. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies genes, genetic diversity, and heredity in living organisms. The genetic system consists of genetic notations, which is a system of signs and symbols. Genotype refers to the organism's genetic composition, and phenotype refers to the observable property of the organism.