There are two goods, Computers and Wheat, and two factors of production, capital and labor. Production in both sectors satisfies constant returns to scale. Production of computers is relatively more capital-intensive. Both input and final goods markets are competitive. Goods are freely traded internationally, but factors are immobile across countries. We will focus our analysis on the Home country. In the initial equilibrium, the Home country produces both computers and wheat, but only exports wheat. In our analysis, we will consider the following sequence of time-frames:
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- Suppose there are two countries that are identical in their factor endowments. Both would like to consume both passenger cars and commercial vehicles, industries in which there are economies of scale. In the absence of trade, each country would have both industries. If they could trade, both could benefit by specializing and taking advantage of economies of scale to lower their costs of production. Assume that once trade becomes possible, country A specializes in producing passenger cars and country B specializes in producing commercial vehicles. Because of economies of scale, the cost of passenger cars relative to commercial vehicles is lower in country A than in country B. Explain why we would expect to observe trade in similar products, known as intra- industry trade, when production technology is characterized by economies of scales? Who are the winners and losers in this example? How does your result compare with that of the winners and losers in the CORE textbook example of the…Suppose countries A and B produce and consume (assuming convex preferences) apples and bananas using only labour. Unit labour cost for apples in country A are 2 and 1 in country B. Unit labour cost for bananas are 5 in country A and 4 in country B. The labour force is the same in both countries, and given by 100 in each country. Which three of the following statements are true? Each country has an absolute advantage. Allowing for international trade, the production of 100 apples and 20 bananas can occur in a global market equilibrium, but not in a market equilibria under autarky. Country A will produce apples, with or without international trade. Under autarky, the relative price for apples (price for apples/price for bananas) equals 0.4 in country A and 0.25 in country B. Country B has an absolute advantage in producing bananas. Allowing for international trade, the production of 60 apples and 40 bananas is feasible, but…Assume that Cliff and Paul were both producing wheat and corn, and each was dividing their time equally between the two. Then they decide to specialize in the product they have a comparative advantage in and trade 3 bushels of wheat for 3 bushels of corn. What would Cliff now be able to consume? Question 10 options: 3 bushels of wheat and 3 bushels of corn 3 bushels of wheat and 4 bushels of corn 4 bushels of wheat and 3 bushels of corn 2 bushels of wheat and 3 bushels of corn
- Consider a simplified example of two countries - Singapore and Indonesia - producing two goods – telecommunications equipment and electrical circuit apparatus. Using all its resources, Singapore can produce either 50 telecommunications equipment, or 100 electrical circuit apparatus. Using all its resources, Indonesia can produce either 1,000 telecommunications equipment, or 5,000 circuit apparatus. (a) Which country/countries has/have the absolute advantages and the comparative advantages in the production of telecommunications equipment, and of electrical circuit apparatus? Explain and show. (b) Consider the case of constant opportunity cost. What will be the resulting patterns of trade, terms-of-trade, and the aggregate production and consumption? Provide a diagram to illustrate, with telecommunications equipment on the y-axis. (c) It is found that contrary to the above, there is no complete specialisation in both Singapore and Indonesia. Instead, Singapore partially specialises in…After specialization, suppose the two agree on a price of 7 units of good X for each unit of good Y. When the two individuals make the trade, they exchange 140 units of good X for 20 units of good Y. Recall that the individual who has specialized in the production of X would trade 140 units of good X and receive 20 units of good Y, while the individual who specialized in the production of good Y would trade 20 units of good Y and receive 140 units of good X.Consider an exchange economy with 2 agents and 2 goods. In an Edgeworth-Bowley diagram, show and illustrate that if both agents have the same preferences, the contract curve is a straight line from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner. Does it follow that if the agents do not have the same preferences, the contract curve is not a straight line? Suppose the two agents have the same endowments and the same preferences. Is mutually beneficial trade possible? Illustrate in an Edgeworth Bowley diagram. State and explain Walras Law. What are the implications of Walras’s Law? Illustrate Walras Law in an Edgeworth-Bowley diagram.
- Assume that two countries Alpha and Beta use a variety of inputs in their production Alpha exports excavating equipment and imports solar cells. Assume furthermore no economies of scale. Select the correct statement from the ones below: Even though there is trade, Alpha has a lower opportunity cost for excavating If the countries did not trade, Alpha would have a lower opportunity cost for excavating Neither country can consume at a point outside its production possibility frontier. Alpha avoids producing solar cells while B avoids producing no excavatingQ.1 Table below presents different combinations of a simple economy that uses its resources to produce guns or/and butter Option Butter (tonnes) Guns (units) A 0 15 B 1 14 C 2 12 D 3 9 E 4 5 F 5 0 a) Construct the PPC by drawing guns production on the vertical axis and butter production on the horizontal axis and determine its slope. b) Consider that the economy is producing at option C. Explain the concept of the opportunity cost if the economy increased the production of butter and moved its production to point D c) Calculate the opportunity cost if there is a move from C to D and later a further move from D to E d) Is the opportunity cost increasing or decreasing as the economy produces more butter? Fully explain whySuppose two economies Home (H) and Foreign (F) produce two goods, bread and wine, with only one production factor: labour. Production technology, expressed as marginal product of labour (MPL), is given in the following table: Technologies expressed as MPL Bread Wine Home 1/6 1/12 Foreign 1/4 1/2 Suppose that Home has 2400 units of labour and Foreign has 1800 units of labour. a. ) Derive the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) and the Consumption Possibility Frontier (CPF) for Home and Foreign, with bread on the horizontal axis and wine on the vertical axis. What is the autarky equilibrium price of bred relative to wine in each country? b.) What country has the absolute advantage in producing each good? What country has the comparative advantage in producing each good? Briefly explain the difference between these two concepts. Suppose both countries are now free to trade. The world relative price of bread is 1. c. What is the pattern of specialisation and trade?…
- According to comparative advantage, trade between two countries Group of answer choices will benefit all the industries in each of the countries. guarantees that consumption levels will be equal in the two countries. maximizes the amount of inputs that are used in the production of all products. allows each of the trading countries to allocate its resources most efficiently.Q2. Suppose that there are two countries (A and B) and two goods (a labor-intensive good X, textile, and a capital-intensive good Y, electronics). The two countries have identical demand for the two goods but different labor and capital endowments. Suppose (Px/Py)A < (Px/Py)B in autarky. Identify the capital-abundant country and the labor-abundant country, respectively. Use a PPF-indifference-curve graph to identify the autarky equilibrium for country B. In the same graph, show country B's gains from trade when the two countries trade at a level of Px/Py that is between the two countries' autarky price ratios. In the above graph, identify the trade triangle (including export and import quantities) for country B. What would be the effect of trade on country B's relative nominal wage rate, i.e., the ratio of nominal wage rate relative to nominal capital rental rate (w/r)? Illustrate your answer graphically. Your answer:The production possibilities frontier (PPF) for Honduras and Brazil, representing hypothetical levels of production, are shown in the graphs. Assume that, without trade, each country is initially producing and consuming at point A on its PPF curve. Suppose these countries decide to trade. Each country will specialize in the production of the good for which it has a comparative advantage. Assume the countries agree to trade. The terms of trade are 6000 tons of bananas for 4000 tons of steel. Move the post‑trade consumption point for each country to reflect their post‑trade consumption. Which good will each country produce? Honduras will produce bananas and Brazil will produce steel. Brazil will produce both bananas and steel. Honduras will produce both bananas and steel. Honduras will produce steel and Brazil will produce bananas.