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How to find any evidence of cantamination or degradation of DNA in the DNA profiles you examined?
how important is the detabase that is used to determine allele frequencies in DNA profiling cases
NOTE:- "Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first subpart for you. To get the remaining sub-part solved please repost the complete question and mention the sub-part to be solved".
DNA STRUCTURE-
DNA structure is given by Watson and Crick, who proposed the double-helical structure of DNA in which DNA is twisted in a helical form having four nitrogenous bases- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
These bases are joined together by a Phosphodiester bond having a sugar-phosphate bone.
DNA is a carrier of hereditary information from one generation to another for continuity of life.
For identifying the contamination in DNA. DNA Fingerprinting or DNA Profiling technique is used.
TECHNIQUE-
For this only a small amount of DNA like blood, semen or hair part is needed. Steps involved are:-
1) DNA that was extracted is centrifuged at a high speed rate.
2) Fpr DNA amplification, Polymerase chain reaction process is used for making multiple copies of the isolated DNA.
3) For restriction fragment length analysis, restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments.
4) Now these pieces of DNA are introduced into gel through electrophoresis on agarose polymer gel and they can be seen by using dye that glows under ultraviolet radiation.
5) By using alkaline chemicals double stranded DNA splits in Single stranded DNA.
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps
- Which of the following pairs of sequences would be considered different alleles in DNA profiling? a) ATGAATTCGG; ATGAAATCGG b) ATGAATTCGG; TACTTACTTACT c) GAAGAAGAA; GAAGAAGAAGAA d) AATAATAATAAT; AATTAATTAATTComparing SNPs to STR markers, which of the following are true? Select one: a. SNP loci generally have more alleles than STR loci. b. SNP loci could not be used for forensic CODIS DNA profiling. c. SNPs are not the same as microsatellite DNA. d. There are many more STR loci in the human genome than SNP markers.Which of the following criteria do you feel is the most important one to optimize for a DNA profiling methods? Speed Discriminating power Sensitivity Cost False Positive Rate
- What value do you place on ancestry DNA tests? What type of impression are the Ancestry DNA commercials giving about the relationship between biology, race, ethnicity & culture?What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human genomes differ at about 3 million sites, no two persons (except identical twins) have the same DNA sequence. Unique identification with DNA profiling is therefore possible if enough sites of variation are examined. However, the systems used today examine only a few sites of variation. Nonetheless, even with todays technology, which uses three to five loci, a match between two DNA patterns can be considered strong evidence that the two samples came from the same source. DNA profiling in criminal cases has been a useful tool in establishing both guilt and innocence. Originally, DNA databases contained only the profiles of convicted felons. Over time, however, law enforcement agencies have expanded the collection and use of DNA profiles, and these new policies are causing controversies, once again illustrating how the availability and use of genetic technology is often ahead of consensus on how and when this technology should be used. One of these new policies is postarrest DNA collection. At this writing, 18 U.S. states as well as the federal government allow the collection of DNA samples after an arrest but before conviction. These profiles become part of the states DNA database, which is often searched for evidence in cold cases. Courts across the country have ruled for and against the use of such samples. In 2012, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled that the collection of DNA samples from someone who has been arrested but not convicted is unconstitutional and violates an individuals right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. The case began when a DNA sample was taken from Alonzo Jay King, Jr., who was arrested in 2009 for assault. In a database search, the DNA profile matched that taken from a 2003 unsolved rape. Based on the results of the database search, the man was sentenced to life in prison. The rape conviction was reversed, and the case was sent back to a lower court. As a result, some 16,000 DNA profiles collected postarrest but preconviction since 2009 cannot be used pending appeal of this decision. Before the court decision, postarrest DNA profiles were used in 65 arrests that resulted in 34 convictions, with an additional 12 cases pending. Supporters of postarrest DNA profiling claim that taking a DNA sample by a cheek swab is noninvasive and no different from taking someones fingerprints. Opponents claim that because DNA samples can be used to determine much more than a DNA profile, they are a threat to privacy, and that because minorities are more likely to be arrested, the practice is discriminatory. What if you learned that law enforcement officials were saving the DNA sample for use in tests that might be developed in the future?
- Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human genomes differ at about 3 million sites, no two persons (except identical twins) have the same DNA sequence. Unique identification with DNA profiling is therefore possible if enough sites of variation are examined. However, the systems used today examine only a few sites of variation. Nonetheless, even with todays technology, which uses three to five loci, a match between two DNA patterns can be considered strong evidence that the two samples came from the same source. DNA profiling in criminal cases has been a useful tool in establishing both guilt and innocence. Originally, DNA databases contained only the profiles of convicted felons. Over time, however, law enforcement agencies have expanded the collection and use of DNA profiles, and these new policies are causing controversies, once again illustrating how the availability and use of genetic technology is often ahead of consensus on how and when this technology should be used. One of these new policies is postarrest DNA collection. At this writing, 18 U.S. states as well as the federal government allow the collection of DNA samples after an arrest but before conviction. These profiles become part of the states DNA database, which is often searched for evidence in cold cases. Courts across the country have ruled for and against the use of such samples. In 2012, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled that the collection of DNA samples from someone who has been arrested but not convicted is unconstitutional and violates an individuals right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. The case began when a DNA sample was taken from Alonzo Jay King, Jr., who was arrested in 2009 for assault. In a database search, the DNA profile matched that taken from a 2003 unsolved rape. Based on the results of the database search, the man was sentenced to life in prison. The rape conviction was reversed, and the case was sent back to a lower court. As a result, some 16,000 DNA profiles collected postarrest but preconviction since 2009 cannot be used pending appeal of this decision. Before the court decision, postarrest DNA profiles were used in 65 arrests that resulted in 34 convictions, with an additional 12 cases pending. Supporters of postarrest DNA profiling claim that taking a DNA sample by a cheek swab is noninvasive and no different from taking someones fingerprints. Opponents claim that because DNA samples can be used to determine much more than a DNA profile, they are a threat to privacy, and that because minorities are more likely to be arrested, the practice is discriminatory. Would you object if you were arrested for a minor offense, such as a traffic violation, and ordered to provide a DNA sample?Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human genomes differ at about 3 million sites, no two persons (except identical twins) have the same DNA sequence. Unique identification with DNA profiling is therefore possible if enough sites of variation are examined. However, the systems used today examine only a few sites of variation. Nonetheless, even with todays technology, which uses three to five loci, a match between two DNA patterns can be considered strong evidence that the two samples came from the same source. DNA profiling in criminal cases has been a useful tool in establishing both guilt and innocence. Originally, DNA databases contained only the profiles of convicted felons. Over time, however, law enforcement agencies have expanded the collection and use of DNA profiles, and these new policies are causing controversies, once again illustrating how the availability and use of genetic technology is often ahead of consensus on how and when this technology should be used. One of these new policies is postarrest DNA collection. At this writing, 18 U.S. states as well as the federal government allow the collection of DNA samples after an arrest but before conviction. These profiles become part of the states DNA database, which is often searched for evidence in cold cases. Courts across the country have ruled for and against the use of such samples. In 2012, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled that the collection of DNA samples from someone who has been arrested but not convicted is unconstitutional and violates an individuals right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. The case began when a DNA sample was taken from Alonzo Jay King, Jr., who was arrested in 2009 for assault. In a database search, the DNA profile matched that taken from a 2003 unsolved rape. Based on the results of the database search, the man was sentenced to life in prison. The rape conviction was reversed, and the case was sent back to a lower court. As a result, some 16,000 DNA profiles collected postarrest but preconviction since 2009 cannot be used pending appeal of this decision. Before the court decision, postarrest DNA profiles were used in 65 arrests that resulted in 34 convictions, with an additional 12 cases pending. Supporters of postarrest DNA profiling claim that taking a DNA sample by a cheek swab is noninvasive and no different from taking someones fingerprints. Opponents claim that because DNA samples can be used to determine much more than a DNA profile, they are a threat to privacy, and that because minorities are more likely to be arrested, the practice is discriminatory. What are your thoughts on the collection and use of postarrest DNA profiles?When forensic experts work with a blood sample, what part of it do they use for PCR; red blood cells, white blood cells, or proteinaceous antibodies? If trying to find a tandem repeat segment, why would you pick one choice other another?
- What is the accuracy of DNA fingerprinting and How conclusive is the evidence of DNA fingerprinting?You dilute 5 microliters into 995 microliters of water and find the OD260 is 0.56. What is the concentration of your DNA sample? 1. 1400 ug/ml 2. 5600 ug/ml 3. 1.4 ug/ml 4. 5.6 ug/mlWhat is DNA fingerprinting? How can it be used in human identification?