Give typed full explanation not a single word hand written otherwise leave it To which of the six E. C. classes of enzymes does each of the following enzyme belong?Provide the name of the class and it's number.a. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate:NADH + H+6.H-C-OHCH3NUMBER AND CLASS of LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE:b. Hexokinase is the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in glycolysis:IНОНОНHOHН-OOHOHNAD+НATPglucoseNUMBER AND CLASS OF HEXOKINASE:ADPc=0TCH3ННОHOHО-Р-О0-OOHHOHНHglucose 6-phosphate

Enzymes are classified into six major classes based on the type of reaction they catalyze:…

To which of the six E. C. classes of enzymes does each of the following enzyme belong? Provide the name of the class and it's number. a. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate: 6. по H-C-OH CH3 NUMBER AND CLASS of LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE: Н НО b. Hexokinase is the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in glycolysis: H ОН Н OH Н -OOH NAD+ ОН Н NADH + H+ ATP glucose NUMBER AND CLASS OF HEXOKINASE: но c=0 CH3 ADP Д Н HO H OH О-Р-О 0 OOH Н ОН -I H Н glucose 6-phosphate

To which of the six E. C. classes of enzymes does each of the following enzyme belong? Provide the name of the class and it's number. a. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate: 6. по H-C-OH CH3 NUMBER AND CLASS of LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE: Н НО b. Hexokinase is the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in glycolysis: H ОН Н OH Н -OOH NAD+ ОН Н NADH + H+ ATP glucose NUMBER AND CLASS OF HEXOKINASE: но c=0 CH3 ADP Д Н HO H OH О-Р-О 0 OOH Н ОН -I H Н glucose 6-phosphate

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # ____ and ____ of Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme ______ and whereas Carbon # ______ leaves as CO. The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called ______ .The C-2 unit is then transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme ____, which is initially in it ___ state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is ______.From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a _____ linkage with CoA-SH to generate_____
Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. 5 Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme and whereas Carbon # of leaves as CO» The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme 11 12 The C-2 unit is then which is initially in its state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a linkage with CoA-SH to generate Acetyl COA Oxidized Hydroxyethyl TPP Phosphodiester Reduced Hydroxypropiony! TPP Lipoamide E-1 NADH 3 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Thioester 2 HydroxyacetyITPp Dihydropipoyl Transacetylase Type the words in the correct order separated by commas. Example: 1, 3, E-1, Thioester, Lipoamide ...
Which one of the five steps of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction is most likely to be metabolically irreversible? Explain.
The “bridge reaction”, using pyruvate dehydrogenase, is highly exergonic and is essentially irreversible. Name the 3 outcomes (name any activated carriers produced, name the molecule that is produced from losing one carbon atom from pyruvate, and name any modification to the remaining two carbon compound of interest ) of the separate enzyme activities found within the large dehydrogenase complex.
One consequence of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels of NADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is high levels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also a cytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate and NADPH as a reducing agent. Speculate about how a high level of cytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.
In relation to Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase enzyme, answer the following: A- What are the two isoforms of this enzyme, explain why there are two isoforms? B- What are the clinical manifestations associated with the deficiency of these two enzymes? C- Write down the biochemical reaction and the name of the metabolic pathway that these two isoforms are involved in, and how many ATP is utilized by these two isoforms?
a) What is the reason for the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?b) Which compound is converted into which compound in the step where sequential dehydration and hydration reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?c) Why is ammonia released in some tissues carried by binding to other molecules in the blood? Where is it transmitted in the body for its destruction? What molecule is it transferred onto there? So what molecule does it make?
Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is true? (A) The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to produce NADH for use in anabolic pathways and ribose 6-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.(B) The oxidative arm of the PPP produces (2) NADPH per glucose 6-phosphate that enters the pathway. (C) Phosphopentose isomerase converts the ribose 5-phosphate made in the oxidative arm of the PPP into ribulose 5-phosphate that is used to form the ribose sugar of nucleotides.(D) The non-oxidative arm of the PPP interconverts between ribose 5-phosphate and a variety of intermediates of b-oxidation. (E) One of the functions of the PPP is to provide NADPH that inhibits glutathione reductase so that it cannot oxidatively damage RBCs.
Predict the effect of each of the following mutations on the pace of glycolysis in liver cells: (a) Loss of the allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase (b) Loss of the binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase (c) Loss of the phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (d) Loss of the binding site for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in pyruvate kinase
Which of the following regulatory mechanisms are used to regulate the enzyme activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)? 1) its activity is decreased by elevated levels of the products of the reaction via allosteric control 2) its activity can be modulated only through reversible covalent modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) 3) insulin causes the complex to be phosphorylated, thus increases its activity 4) the complex is more active when dephosphorylated, a process triggered by insulin 5) the protein kinase that phosphorylates the PDH complex is sensitive to changes in the levels of ATP a) 2+3+5 b) 1+2+3 c) 1+3+5 d) 2+4+5
Which of the following statements are FALSE? a A compound is an inhibitor of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase. If this compound were added to liver cells where D-Glucose was the only substrate one should observe an accumulation of intermediates from Glucose 6-phosphate to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a depletion of those from 1-3-Bisphosphoglyceric Acid to Pyruvate. b If the substrate for liver cells (above problem) were L-Lactate there should be no effect on the concentrations of glycolytic intermediates with the exception being a potential increase in the concentration of Pyruvate. c When Glucose is converted to lactate there is no overall change in the oxidation state because Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase oxidizes Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate to 1-3-Bisphosphoglyceric Acid but Lactate Dehydrogenase reduces Lactic Acid to Pyruvate. d If all the glycolytic enzymes were added to a mixture of ATP + ADP + NAD+ and Glucose the product…
Which of the following is NOT a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase d. dihydrolipoyl catalase