Tumor Necrosis Factor : they are lymphocytes arise from the lymphoid organs(bone and thymus) but they are part of innate immunity because they don't havespecific diversity as do T cells or B. they recognize class I MHC molecules expressedon all healthy cells and they are front-line effector cells that can rapidly react againststressed or infected or DNA damage cells. * O True O False

Tumor Necrosis Factor : they are lymphocytes arise from the lymphoid organs(bone and thymus) but they are part of innate immunity because they don't havespecific diversity as do T cells or B. they recognize class I MHC molecules expressedon all healthy cells and they are front-line effector cells that can rapidly react againststressed or infected or DNA damage cells. * O True O False

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RE

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Similar questions

Immune system of humans a) Secreted B cell receptors can function as opsonins. b) MHC class II molecules can be found on the surface of nearly every cell of the body. c) The membrane attack complex (MAC) is used by natural killer cells to eliminate virus infected host cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement.
Human immune system a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms, but not by host cells. b) A virus-infected host cell that displays a viral antigen via MHC class I molecules may become a target of cytotoxic T cells. c) Secreted MHC Class I proteins present in blood plasma can function as opsonins. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
Superantigensa) are exceptionally large antigen molecules.b) cause a very large antibody response.c) elicit a response from a large number of T cells.d) attach non-specifically to B-cell receptors.e) assist in a protective immune response.
SYstemic Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that target the person's own DNA. The DNA must be outside of the person's cell , in plasma and/ or interstitial space,in order antivodies to bind it. Immune resposes are thoght to be part of the cause of this aspect of lupus. Of the following which is moast likely to allow the preon's DNA to be exposed otside of cells? A, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B, Inflammation C, Complement Membrane Attack Complex D, Interferons E,Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Describe the genetic basis of antibody diversity.
Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?
At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival, matura-tion, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weaklyto self peptides bound to self MHC molecules. Would itnot be safer to get rid of these T cells, along with those thatbind strongly to such self-peptide–MHC complexes, as thiswould seem a more secure way to avoid autoimmune reac-tions?
The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T cell receptor, which consists of an antigen-binding αβ transmembrane protein as well as a set of transmembrane signaltransducing proteins known as CD3 that are targets of NRTKs. Thecytoplasmic domains of the CD3 proteins are positively charged and, in the absence of antigen, interact with the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane in such a way that buries several of their Tyr residues in the lipidbilayer. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor leads to a localized infl ux ofCa2+ ions. (a) Explain how a high concentration of Ca2+ could promote phosphorylation and activation of the CD3 proteins. (b) Would this henomenon make the T lymphocyte more or less responsive to the antigen?
Amino acid variation among MHC class II allotypes that present antigens to CD4 T cells is concentrated a. where MHC contacts the co-receptors CD4 or CD8 b. in the β chain, because the α chain is monomorphic c. where the MHC molecule contacts peptide and the T-cell receptor d. in the α chain, because the β chain is monomorphic e. throughout both the α and β chains in all domains.
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely virulent. Uponinfection, Y. pestis injects a set of effector proteins intomacrophages that suppresses their phagocytic behaviorand also interferes with their innate immune responses.One of the effector proteins, YopJ, acetylates serines andthreonines on various MAP kinases, including the MAPkinase kinase kinase TAK1, which controls a key signalingstep in the innate immune response pathway. To deter-mine how YopJ interferes with TAK1, you transfect humancells with active YopJ (YopJWT) or inactive YopJ (YopJCA)and with FLAG-tagged active TAK1 (TAK1WT) or inactiveTAK1 (TAK1K63W), and assay for total TAK1 and for phos-phorylated TAK1, using antibodies against the FLAG tag oragainst phosphorylated TAK1 (Figure Q23–1). How doesYopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway? How do you sup-pose the serine/threonine acetylase activity of YopJ mightinterfere with TAK1 activation?
At any given time, intestinal crypts of mice com-prise about 15 stem cells and 10 Paneth cells. After celldivision, which occurs about once a day, the daughtercells remain stem cells only if they maintain contact with aPaneth cell. This constant competition for Paneth-cell con-tact raises the possibility that crypts might become mono-clonal over time; that is, the crypt cells at one point in timemight derive from only 1 of the 15 stem cells that existedat some earlier time. To test this possibility, you use theso-called confetti marker that upon activation expressesany one of three fluorescent proteins in the stem cells ofthe crypt. You then examine crypts at various times todetermine whether they contain cells with multiple colorsor only one color (Figure Q22–1). Do the crypts becomemonoclonal over time or not? How can you tell?