uppose there are two polluters in the same region. The government decides that total market abatement of pollution (AMKT) should be set t 46 units/year, which would significantly reduce pollution. The polluters' marginal abatement costs (MAC) and total abatement costs (TAC) re: Polluter 1: MAC, = 2.3*A, and TAC, = 1.15*(A,)2 Polluter 2: MAC2 = 0.6°A2 and TAC2 = 0.3"(A:)² o reach the target of 46 units/year, the government has to decide whether to use a Pigouvian tax or a uniform standard. How much would e saved in abatement costs if a Pigouvian tax were used instead of a uniform standard? nswer:
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- For the students of the college, the visual appearance of the campus is _______(rival/nonrival) and ______(nonexcludable/excludable). Thus, the visual appearance would be classified as a public good. Suppose the college administrators estimate that the beautification initiative will cost $34,980. To decide whether the initiative should be undertaken, administrators conduct a survey of the college's 1,460 students, asking each of them their willingness to pay for the beautification project. The average willingness to pay, as revealed by the survey, is $32. The benefit of the beautification initiative, as suggested by the survey, is $_______. Because the estimated benefit is _______(less/greater) than the cost, the college administrators _______(should not/should) undertake the beautification initiative. The calculation of the benefit of the beautification initiative relied on the ability of the administrators to capture the true willingness to pay of each student accurately. Which…Three neighboring towns – Marshland, Dampland, and Wetland – all border the same lake. The lake frequently floods causing damage to property in all three towns. Each town would benefit from flood mitigation, but the level of benefits differs. With Z representing the level of mitigation: for Marshland, MB = 3 – Z for Dampland, MB = 4 – 2Z for Wetland, MB = 11- Z The marginal cost of flood mitigation is MC = 2 + 12Z Questions: ***Please Note*** Previous Expert Calculated: Z = 16/3 as the Solution to (a) Math Solver Calculates: Z = 1 ***Please Resolve*** (a) What is the socially optimal level of Z? (b) What would each individual town be willing to pay for this level of flood mitigation? (c) The representative from Wetland proposes that each town pay an equal share for the optimal level of flood mitigation. Would…Consider a binary choice to allow or not the emission of pollutants. The cost to consumers of allowing the pollution is C = 2,000, but this cost is only observable to the consumers. The benefit for the polluter of allowing the externality is B = 2,300, and only the polluter knows this benefit. Clearly, optimality requires this externality is allowed, since B > C. However, the final decision must be based on what each party chooses to reveal. a. Construct a tax-subsidy revelation scheme such that it is a dominant strategy for each party to report truthfully their private information. b. Show that this revelation scheme induces the optimal production of the externality. c. Show that this revelation scheme is unbalanced in the sense that the given equilibrium reports the tax to be paid by the polluter is less than the subsidy paid to the pollutee.
- Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100-e1 MAC2 = 100-4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. [1] In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit? Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions: Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions: Total unregulated level of emissions: Suppose a regulator has a goal of reducing the total level of emissions from the amount from the amount you answered in [1] to 25 units. The regulator would like to achieve the goal of 25 units of total emissions in a cost-effective way. To do so it issues 25 permits, 10 are given to Firm 1 and 15 are given to Firm 2. A firm can only emit a unit of pollution if they have a permit for that unit, otherwise they must abate. After the permits are allocated, firms are allowed to buy or sell…Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100 - e1 MAC2 = 100 - 4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. [1] In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit? Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Total unregulated level of emissions ______________Consider a uniformly mixed pollutant. If all of the polluters have different individual marginal abatement cost functions, then it wll not be possible to design a cost effective policy. Select one: O a. True O b. False
- Consider two sources of a non-uniformly mixed pollutant: one source with a high and the other one with low transfer coefficient. Which statement(s) is/are true? Mark all that applies. Group of answer choices For the source with the higher transfer coefficient. a higher ambient charge per unit of emissions is justified. For the source with the lower transfer coefficient a higher ambient charge per unit of emissions is justified. For the source with the higher emissions level a higher ambient charge per unit of emissions is justified. The source with the higher transfer coefficient is required to purchase more ambient allowance when it emits a unit of emission. The source with the lower transfer coefficient is required to purchase more ambient allowance when it emits a unit of emission. The source with the higher emission level is required to purchase more ambient allowance when it emits a unit of emission than the source with the lower overall emissions levelMostly everyone would agree that pollution is undesirable. But cleaner environment requires higher production costs and a lower level of output. It is difficult though to measure the value on the health, environmental, and aesthetic benefits resulting from a cleaner environment. The health effects associated with the release of various chemicals into the air or water are often not fully understood. While the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and global warming is the subject of a great deal of scientific speculation and study, precise measurements of the expected environmental damage are not yet available. It is also not easy to place a value on the aesthetic pleasure that individuals may experience knowing that the air and water surrounding them is cleaner. The energy giant Royal Dutch Shell have reached its oil production peak in 2019. Now the company’s focus now is on shifting to renewables and reducing its carbon footprint through green technologies. Did you know that…Please help with the calculations & working :) In this question there is a diagram with ‘y’ being the vertical axis representing costs/damages, and ‘P’ being a horizontal axis representing pollution. Abatement is the opposite of pollution, so if pollution falls from, say, 3 to 1 abatement rises by 2. 1. Suppose the marginal damage curve to private firms is MDP: y=0 and the marginal cost of abatement is MCA: y=1-P if P<1 and y=0 otherwise, where y is the vertical axis on a cost/damage scale, and P is the amount of pollution. Plot these curves and the equilibrium amount of pollution which is privately optimal for the firm. 2. Why is the marginal cost of abatement is downward sloping (with increasing pollution measured on the bottom axis as you go right). Give an example where this is a reasonable assumption 3. Suppose the marginal damage to society is MDS: y=P. Calculate the socially optimal amount of pollution. What ethical system does the ‘optimal amount of pollution’ belong? To…
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a 40-year-old woman has a 15 in 10,000 chance of dying in the next year. If a group of 670 women who are 40 years old wish to purchase a life insurance policy that will pay $1,000,000 if they die in the next year, how much will an insurance company charge each of these women this year for an actuarially fair policy? Assume that payouts on policies are the insurance company's only costs. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar. charge per woman: $__Suppose that a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is MAC = 8 - E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, then its marginal abatement cost function will become MAC = 4 - 0.5E. Moreover, assume that the adoption costs for the new technologies are $3. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $1 to $3, then the firm's total costs increase by $____. (Hint: total costs are different from total compliance costs. Total compliance costs are the sum of TAC and tax payment, while total costs are the sum of total compliance costs and adoption costs (remember that adoption costs are only incurred if the firm actually decides to adopt the new technology).) Please round your final answer to two decimal places if necessary. THE ANSWER IS NOT 9If a regulator underestimates the aggregate marginal abatement cost of an industry when determining the “efficient” level of emissions, the true efficient level of emissions will be? (higher, lower or same). Hint: construct a graph with AMAC and MD.