1 The Nature Of Light 2 Geometric Optics And Image Formation 3 Interference 4 Diffraction 5 Relativity 6 Photons And Matter Waves 7 Quantum Mechanics 8 Atomic Structure 9 Condensed Matter Physics 10 Nuclear Physics 11 Particle Physics And Cosmology Chapter4: Diffraction
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 4.1CYU: Check Your Understanding Suppose the slit width in Example 4.1 is increased to 1.8106 m. What are... Problem 4.2CYU: Check Your Understanding For the experiment in Example 4.2, at what angle from the center is the... Problem 4.3CYU: Check Your Understanding For the experiment in Example 4.4, show that m=20 is also a missing order. Problem 4.4CYU: Check Your Understanding If the line spacing of a diffraction grating d is not precisely known, we... Problem 4.5CYU: Check Your Understanding What is the angular resolution of the Arecibo telescope shown in Figure... Problem 4.6CYU: Check Your Understanding For the experiment described in Example 4.7, what are the two other angles... Problem 1CQ: As the width of the slit producing a single-slit diffraction pattern is reduced, how will the... Problem 2CQ: Compare interference and diffraction. Problem 3CQ: If you and a friend are on opposite sides of a hill, you can communicate with walkie-talkies but not... Problem 4CQ: What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit when the entire optical apparatus is... Problem 5CQ: In our study of diffraction by a single slit, we assume that the length of the slit is much larger... Problem 6CQ: A rectangular slit is twice as wide as it is high. Is the central diffraction peak wider in the... Problem 7CQ: In Equation 4.4, the parameter looks like an angle but is not an angle that you can measure with a... Problem 8CQ: Shown below is the central part of the interference pattern for a pure wavelength of red light... Problem 9CQ: Is higher resolution obtained in a microscope with red or blue light? Explain your answer. Problem 10CQ: The resolving power of refracting telescope increases with the size of its objective lens. What... Problem 11CQ: The distance between atoms in a molecule is about 10-8 cm . Can visible light be used to “see”... Problem 12CQ: A beam of light always spreads out. Why can a beam not be created with parallel rays to prevent... Problem 13CQ: Crystal lattices can be examined with X-rays but not UV. Why? Problem 14CQ: How can you tell that a hologram is a true three-dimensional image and that those in... Problem 15CQ: If a hologram is recorded using monochromatic light at one wavelength but its image is viewed at... Problem 16CQ: What image will one see if a hologram is recorded using monochromatic light but its image is viewed... Problem 17P: (a) At what angle is the first minimum for 550-nm light falling on a single slit of width 1.00 m?... Problem 18P: (a) Calculate the angle at which a 2.00-m-wide slit produces its first minimum for 410-nm violet... Problem 19P: (a) How wide is a single slit that produces its first minimum for 633-nm light at an angle of 28.0°?... Problem 20P: (a) What is the width of a single slit that produces its first minimum at 60.0° for 600-nm light?... Problem 21P: Find the wavelength of light that has its third minimum at an angle of 48.6° when it falls on a... Problem 22P: (a) Sodium vapor light averaging 589 nm in wavelength falls on a single slit of width 7.50 m. At... Problem 23P: Consider a single-slit diffraction pattern for =589 nm, projected on a screen that is 1.00 m from a... Problem 24P: (a) Find the angle between the first minima for the two sodium vapor lines, which have wavelengths... Problem 25P: What is the minimum width of a single slit (in multiples of ) that will produce a first minimum for... Problem 26P: (a) If a single slit produces a first minimum at 14.5°, at what angle is the second-order minimum?... Problem 27P: If the separation between the first and the second minima of a single-slit diffraction pattern is... Problem 28P: A water break at the entrance to a harbor consists of a rock barrier with a 50.0-m-wide opening.... Problem 29P: An aircraft maintenance technician walks past a tall hangar door that acts like a single slit for... Problem 30P: A single slit of width 3.0 m is illuminated by a sodium yellow light of wavelength 589 nm. Find the... Problem 31P: A single slit of width 0.1 mm is illuminated by a mercury light of wavelength 576 nm. Find the... Problem 32P: The width of the central peak in a single-slit diffraction pattern is 5.0 mm. The wavelength of the... Problem 33P: Consider the single-slit diffraction pattern for =600 nm, D=0.025 mm , and x=2.0 m. Find the... Problem 34P: Two slits of width 2 m, each in an opaque material, are separated by a center-to-center distance of... Problem 35P: A double slit produces a diffraction pattern that is a combination of single- and double-slit... Problem 36P: For a double-slit configuration where the slit separation is four times the slit width, how many... Problem 37P: Light of wavelength 500 nm falls normally on 50 slits that are 2.5103 mm wide and spaced 5.0103 mm... Problem 38P: A monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm incident on a double slit with slit width 2.5 m and... Problem 39P: When a monochromatic light of wavelength 430 nm incident on a double slit of slit separation 5 m,... Problem 40P: Determine the intensities of two interference peaks other than the central peak in the central... Problem 41P: A diffraction grating has 2000 lines per centimeter. At what angle will the first-order maximum be... Problem 42P: Find the angle for the third-order maximum for 580-nm-wavelength yellow light falling on a... Problem 43P: How many lines per centimeter are there on a diffraction grating that gives a first-order maximum... Problem 44P: What is the distance between lines on a diffraction grating that produces a second-order maximum for... Problem 45P: Calculate the wavelength of light that has its second-order maximum at 45.0° when falling on a... Problem 46P: An electric current through hydrogen gas produces several distinct wavelengths of visible light.... Problem 47P: (a) What do the four angles in the preceding problem become if a 5000-line per centimeter... Problem 48P: What is the spacing between structures in a feather that acts as a reflection grating, giving that... Problem 49P: An opal such as that shown in Figure 4.15 acts like a reflection grating with rows separated by... Problem 50P: At what angle does a diffraction grating produce a second-order maximum for light having a... Problem 51P: (a) Find the maximum number of lines per centimeter a diffraction grating can have and produce a... Problem 52P: (a) Show that a 30,000 line per centimeter grating will not produce a maximum for visible light. (b)... Problem 53P: The analysis shown below also applies to diffraction gratings with lines separated by a distance d.... Problem 54P: The 305-m-diameter Arecibo radio telescope pictured in Figure 4.20 detects radio waves with a... Problem 55P: Assuming the angular resolution found for the Hubble Telescope in Example 4.6, what is the smallest... Problem 56P: Diffraction spreading for a flashlight is insignificant compared with other limitations in its... Problem 57P: (a) What is the minimum angular spread of a 633-nm wavelength He-Ne laser beam that is originally... Problem 58P: A telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of a laser beam and limit diffraction spreading. The... Problem 59P: The limit to the eye’s acuity is actually related to diffraction by the pupil. (a) What is the angle... Problem 60P: What is the minimum diameter mirror on a telescope that would allow you to see details as small as... Problem 61P: Find the radius of a star’s image on the retina of an eye if its pupil is open to 0.65 cm and the... Problem 62P: (a) The dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon, are separated by 19,600 km. Neglecting atmospheric... Problem 63P: A spy satellite orbits Earth at a height of 180 km. What is the minimum diameter of the objective... Problem 64P: What is the minimum angular separation of two stars that are just-resolvable by the 8.1-m Gemini... Problem 65P: The headlights of a car are 1.3 m apart. What is the maximum distance at which the eye can resolve... Problem 66P: When dots are placed on a page from a laser printer, they must be close enough so that you do not... Problem 67P: Suppose you are looking down at a highway from a jetliner flying at an altitude of 6.0 km. How far... Problem 68P: Can an astronaut orbiting Earth in a satellite at a distance of 180 km from the surface distinguish... Problem 69P: The characters of a stadium scoreboard are formed with closely spaced lightbulbs that radiate... Problem 70P: If a microscope can accept light from objects at angles as large as =70 , what is the smallest... Problem 71P: A camera uses a lens with aperture 2.0 cm. What is the angular resolution of a photograph taken at... Problem 72P: X-rays of wavelength 0.103 nm reflects off a crystal and a second-order maximum is recorded at a... Problem 73P: A first-order Bragg reflection maximum is observed when a monochromatic X-ray falls on a crystal at... Problem 74P: An X-ray scattering experiment is performed on a crystal whose atoms form planes separated by 0.440... Problem 75P: The structure of the NaCl crystal forms reflecting planes 0.541 nm apart. What is the smallest... Problem 76P: On a certain crystal, a first-order X-ray diffraction maximum is observed at an angle of 27.1°... Problem 77P: Calcite crystals contain scattering planes separated by 0.30 nm. What is the angular separation... Problem 78P: The first-order Bragg angle for a certain crystal is 12.1°. What is the second-order angle? Problem 79AP: White light falls on two narrow slits separated by 0.40 mm. The interference pattern is observed on... Problem 80AP: Microwaves of wavelength 10.0 mm fall normally on a metal plate that contains a slit 25 mm wide. (a)... Problem 81AP: Quasars, or quasi-stellar radio sources, are astronomical objects discovered in 1960. They are... Problem 82AP: Two slits each of width 1800 nm and separated by the center-to-center distance of 1200 nm are... Problem 83AP: A microwave of an unknown wavelength is incident on a single slit of width 6 cm. The angular width... Problem 84AP: Red light (wavelength 632.8 nm in air) from a Helium-Neon laser is incident on a single slit of... Problem 85AP: A light ray of wavelength 461.9 nm emerges from a 2-mm circular aperture of a krypton ion laser. Due... Problem 86AP: How far apart must two objects be on the moon to be distinguishable by eye if only the diffraction... Problem 87AP: How far apart must two objects be on the moon to be resolvable by the 8.1-m-diameter Gemini North... Problem 88AP: A spy satellite is reputed to be able to resolve objects 10. cm apart while operating 197 km above... Problem 89AP: Monochromatic light of wavelength 530 nm passes through a horizontal single slit of width 1.5 m in... Problem 90AP: A monochromatic light of unknown wavelength is incident on a slit of width 20 m. A diffraction... Problem 91AP: A source of light having two wavelengths 550 nm and 600 nm of equal intensity is incident on a slit... Problem 92AP: A single slit of width 2100 nm is illuminated normally by a wave of wavelength 632.8 nm. Find the... Problem 93AP: A single slit of width 3.0 m is illuminated by a sodium yellow light of wavelength 589 nm. Find the... Problem 94AP: A single slit of width 0.10 mm is illuminated by a mercury lamp of wavelength 576 nm. Find the... Problem 95AP: A diffraction grating produces a second maximum that is 89.7 cm from the central maximum on a screen... Problem 96AP: A grating with 4000 lines per centimeter is used to diffract light that contains all wavelengths... Problem 97AP: A diffraction grating with 2000 lines per centimeter is used to measure the wavelengths emitted by a... Problem 98AP: For white light (400nm700nm) falling normally on a diffraction grating, show that the second and... Problem 99AP: How many complete orders of the visible spectrum (400nm700nm) can be produced with a diffraction... Problem 100AP: Two lamps producing light of wavelength 589 nm are fixed 1.0 m apart on a wooden plank. What is the... Problem 101AP: On a bright clear day, you are at the top of a mountain and looking at a city 12 km away. There are... Problem 102AP: Radio telescopes are telescopes used for the detection of radio emission from space. Because radio... Problem 103AP: Calculate the wavelength of light that produces its first minimum at an angle of 36.9° when falling... Problem 104AP: (a) Find the angle of the third diffraction minimum for 633-nm light falling on a slit of width 20.0... Problem 105AP: As an example of diffraction by apertures of everyday dimensions, consider a doorway of width 1.0 m.... Problem 106AP: What are the angular positions of the first and second minima in a diffraction pattern produced by a... Problem 107AP: How far would you place a screen from the slit of the previous problem so that the second minimum is... Problem 108AP: How narrow is a slit that produces a diffraction pattern on a screen 1.8 m away whose central peak... Problem 109AP: Suppose that the central peak of a single-slit diffraction pattern is so wide that the first minima... Problem 110AP: The central diffraction peak of the double-slit interference pattern contains exactly nine fringes.... Problem 111AP: Determine the intensities of three interference peaks other than the central peak in the central... Problem 112AP: The yellow light from a sodium vapor lamp seems to be of pure wavelength, but it produces two... Problem 113AP: Structures on a bird feather act like a reflection grating having 8000 lines per centimeter. What is... Problem 114AP: If a diffraction grating produces a first-order maximum for the shortest wavelength of visible light... Problem 115AP: (a) What visible wavelength has its fourth-order maximum at an angle of 25.0° when projected on a... Problem 116AP: Consider a spectrometer based on a diffraction grating. Construct a problem in which you calculate... Problem 117AP: An amateur astronomer wants to build a telescope with a diffraction limit that will allow him to see... Problem 118CP: Blue light of wavelength 450 nm falls on a slit of width 0.25 mm. A converging lens of focal length... Problem 119CP: (a) Assume that the maxima are halfway between the minima of a single-slit diffraction pattern. The... Problem 120CP: (a) By differentiating Equation 4.4, show that the higher-order maxima of the single-slit... Problem 121CP: What is the maximum number of lines per centimeter a diffraction grating can have and produce a... Problem 122CP: Show that a diffraction grating cannot produce a second-order maximum for a given wavelength of... Problem 123CP: A He-Ne laser beam is reflected from the surface of a CD onto a wall. The brightest spot is the... Problem 124CP: Objects viewed through a microscope are placed very close to the focal point of the objective lens.... Problem 11CQ: The distance between atoms in a molecule is about 10-8 cm . Can visible light be used to “see”...
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Concept explainers
An electromagnetic wave is called ionizing radiation if its photon energy is larger than, say, 10.0 eV so that a single photon has enough energy to break apart an atom. With reference to as shown, explain what region or regions of the electromagnetic spectrum fit this definition of ionizing radiation and what do not. (If you wish to consult a larger version of as shown)
Transcribed Image Text: Visible light
AM
TV, FM
Gamma
rays
Infrared
Microwaves
X-rays
Radio
Ultraviolet
If(Hz)
100
l05
1010
1015
Figure P39.23
Transcribed Image Text: Frequency, Hz
Wavelength
102
1021
The visible light
|1 pm spectrum is
expanded to show
details of the colors.
Gamma rays
1020
lo19
lo18
X-rays
-400 nm
lo17
1 nm
Violet
lo16
Ultraviolet
Blue
l015
Green
1014
1 μπ
Yellow
Visible light
lols
Orange
Infrared
lo12
Red
1o11
1 mm
-700 nm
lolo
1 cm
Adjacent wave types
exhibit some overlap
of frequencies.
Microwaves
109
1 m
l0
TV, FM
107
Radio waves
106
AM
105
1 km
104
Figure 33.13 The electromag-
netic spectrum.
Long wave
103
Interaction between an electric field and a magnetic field.
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