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What are the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein. The key points in the process and mention any major differences between the mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Although the DNA in our genes is considered to be the heritable genetic material, other factors, including the environment are considered to play an important role in the activity and expression of those genes; the role that epigenetics & developmental epigenetics play in health & disease.
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- Describe the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein. Reflect on the key points in the process and mention any major differences between the mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Although the DNA in our genes is considered to be the heritable genetic material, other factors, including the environment are considered to play an important role in the activity and expression of those genes. Summarize the role that epigenetics & developmental epigenetics play in health & disease.A gene, which we will call gene C, can be epigenetically modified in such a way that its expression in some cells is permanently silenced. Describe how you could conduct cell-fusion experiments to determine if a cis- or a trans-epigenetic mechanism is responsible for maintaining the silencing of gene C.How do dietary factors interact with DNA methyltransferase to affect an organism's phenotype in an epigenetic manner? Some dietary factors degrade DNA methyltransferase, preventing it from removing methyl groups from sections of DNA, thereby altering gene expression Some dietary factors interact with methyl groups directly preventing DNA methyltransferase from methylating any DNA, changing gene expression in the organism as a result Some dietary factors inhibit DNA methyltransferaseactivity, reducing the methylation of the organism's DNA and changing its gene expression Some dietary factors bind toDNA methyltransferaseand enable it to methylateDNA, thereby changing geneexpression Some dietary factors upregulate DNA methyltransferase activity, increasing the overall methylationof the organism's DNA and changing its gene expression
- To what extend does environmental factors on proteins influence gene expression and using the notion of nucleosome remodling as an epigenetic mechanism to decrease or increase gene expression propose an ezamples that depicts environmental cause that decrease or increase gene expression leading to human diseaseThe figure below shows differential methylation patterns for various genes in samples of 2 embryonic stem cells (ES), 5 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and 4 somatic cells. Some genes were not successfully reprogrammed. Use this figure to answer the following question. which of the following is the most accurate statement about the figure? - The genes in regions A, B, and C, all seem to be expressed in embryonic stem cells, and are silenced primarily in adult cells. - The genes in regions A, B ,and C are active in embryonic stem cells. - HDACs may be acting on genes in regions A, B , and C in the ES cells. - All of the iPSC cells are safe to use in therapy.IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to occur in more than 95% of multi-exon genes. Which of the following is not an evolutionary advantage of alternative splicing? Alternative splicing increases diversity without increasing genome size Different gene isoforms can be expressed in different tissues Alternative splicing creates shorter mRNA transcripts Different gene isoforms can be expressed during different stages of development.
- Given the following schematic for a gene and its associated regulatory regions, answer the following questions by placing the correct letter in the provided blanks please put in the correct letter for the questions What region would provide cell type-specific expression of genes? region What site would significantly increase gene expression rates? = region What region or regions of this gene’s coding sequence are expressed as amino acids = regionDNA methylation is considered an epigenetic phenomenon because the pattern of methylation can be inherited. Briefly discuss the question of whether histone modifications in chromatin represent an epigenetic phenomenon.What is the name given to study of biochemical nature of genes and how genes express their encoded information
- Many aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Choose an answer below: Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and cFor each statement about gene expression mechanisms, choose the correct end to the sentence. For each gene, the template strand for transcription is determined by…. The direction of translation is determined by…… The tissue-specificity of protein production is determined by…. choices: a. location of the start codon b. location of the promoter c. direction of polymerization by RNA polymerase d. none of these e. direction of movement of ribosomes f. overall orientation of the chromosomeDesign a transcriptional circuit that regulates the expression of β-galactosidase in a eukaryoticcell, such that the enzyme is produced in the presence of lactose and repressed in the absenceof lactose. Use at least one of the following elements: histone acetyltransferase, histonedeacetylase, chromatin remodeling complex