What is the role of aconitase in the TCA? One of the functions of the cytosolic isozyme is similar to that of the mitochondrial isozyme. How is it similar and how is it different? What is the other function of the cytosolic isozyme of aconitase?
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Most enzymes have a single function however there is a growing number of enzymes found to be “moonlighting” that is, doing more than one job in the cell. Aconitase is one of these enzymes. The mitochondrial isozyme is a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However there also is a cytosolic isozyme of aconitase. Discuss the two roles of this cytosolic enzyme.
- What is the role of aconitase in the TCA?
- One of the functions of the cytosolic isozyme is similar to that of the mitochondrial isozyme. How is it similar and how is it different?
- What is the other function of the cytosolic isozyme of aconitase?
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- Leigh syndrome is characterized by psychomotor regression: that is, the progressive loss of mental andmovement abilities. Patients also suffer from lacticacidosis, a condition in which mitochondrial respiration is deficient, so their tissues metabolize glucoseanaerobically, leading to the buildup of lactate. Somepatients with Leigh syndrome have a mutation in themitochondrial gene MT-CO3, which encodes a subunit of the electron transport complex cytochromec oxidase. Other patients diagnosed with Leigh syndrome have a loss-of-function mutation in the nucleargene SURF1, which encodes a factor needed for theassembly of this same enzyme complex.a. How can the same symptoms result from mutationsin a mitochondrial gene and from mutations in anuclear gene?Citrate synthase is a nuclear-encoded enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle. The enzyme is functional in the mitochondrial matrix. Looking at the system required for mitochondrial targeting and import of citrate synthase, which of the following statements are correct? 1. Proper import and processing of citrate synthase is dependent upon other proteins found in the mitochondria. 2. Because of the signal peptide, the mature functional enzyme is actually longer than it would be if it was coded by the organelle genome. 3. Because the citrate synthase signal peptide doesn’t have a precise amino acid signature, mutations that slightly change the primary sequence have no effect on targeting. 4. To get citrate synthase into the mitochondrial matrix requires two signal sequences: one to get it across the outer membrane and a second to get it across the inner membrane. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correctWhich of the following are required to begin the citric acid cycle? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices pyruvate oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA glucose pyruvate dehydrogenase What are the 2 main types of mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in response to the state of the cell/organism? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices isomerization hydration allosteric regulation induced fit covalent modification Which of the following are likely to negatively regulate (decrease) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices High levels of ATP Increased PDH kinase activity Influx of Ca2+ ions Insulin signaling High levels of NADH
- You are carrying out an experiment in the lab to study the citric acid cycle. To do this, you add 14C-labeled pyruvate at carbon 3 (this is the methyl carbon) to metabolically active mitochondria. Based on your knowledge of the citric acid cycle, what is the location of the 14C-label in oxaloacetate after one turn of the cycle? How many turns of the cycle are required to release all of the the14C-label as CO2? Be sure to justify your answers using a thorough description, as your answer does not need to include any drawings of the intermediates (but, feel free to include one if you wish).The completion of one cycle of the citric acid cycle oxidizing one acetyl CoA results in net... Group of answer choices 2 ATP produced consumption of 1 molecule of citrate consumption of 1 molecule of oxaloacetate production of 2 CO2 Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle? Group of answer choices Oxaloacetate Succinyl CoA Malate Pyruvate Which of the following enzymes catalyzes an anaplerotic reaction? Group of answer choices citrate synthase pyruvate dehydrogenase complex malate dehydrogenase pyruvate carboxylaseProvide a simplified schematic presentation of mitochondrial β-oxidation. Include activation, mitochondrial transportation, important coenzymes and enzyme names. (Note that you can simply provide intermediate names or abbreviations here and not structures).
- The functioning of a particular pathway often depends not only on control enzymes in that pathway but alsoon control enzymes of other pathways. What happens in the following pathways under the indicated conditions? Suggest what otherpathway or pathways might be influenced.(a) High ATP or NADH concentration and the citric acid cycle.(b) High ATP concentration and glycolysis.(c) High NADPH concentration and the pentose phosphate pathway.(d) High fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration and gluconeo genesis.Given that malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase which of the following statements is TRUE? a. FADH2 results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. b. All electron transport is inhibited. c. Transfer of electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. d. Transfer of electrons from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. e. NADH results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. Clear my choiceOf eight enzymes in the CAC, why is the succinate dehydrogenase complex unique? Because it is a component of the electron transport chain Because it catalyzes an oxidative reaction Because it is an integral membrane protein All of the above Only A and C
- Considering that in aerobic respiration 38 atp is created and in anaerobic respiration 2 are created are large organisms more likely to be aerobic or anaerobic?Describe the process of transcription and its role in gene expression .Why is the citric acid cycle =krebs cycle=tca cycle called a cycle is O2 used directly in the krebs cycle? What is an oxidized product of the Krebs cycle name 2 reduced products released from the krebs cycle.You are limited to the carbon in the following molecules: One xylulose 5-phosphate, One glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, One sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, 1 Oxaloacetate, and 3 carbon dioxide A) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules? B) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules (in this instance only, you also are given 3 ATP and note that you do NOT need to regenerate substrates for rubisco once you get through this enzyme).The Km and kcat for fumarase with fumarate as a substrate are 5 × 10−6 M and 8 × 102 s−1, respectively. When malate is the substrate, the Km and kcat are 2.5 × 10−5 M and 9 × 102 s−1, respectively. What do these data tell you about the operation of this enzyme in the citric acid cycle?