6 The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix (see Fig. 15.11c). In thisshuttle, the protons and electrons are donated to FAD, which is reduced to FADH, These protons and electrons are subsequentlydonated to coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain.End of Chapter_Problem 86aHow much ATP is generated per mole of glucose when the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used?ATP are generated per glucose.(Tolerance is +/-2%)Transport of inorganic phosphate from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix affects the pH difference across theinner mitochondrial membrane.A phosphate ion enters the mitochondrial matrix in antiport : with a proton (see Fig. 15.6b). This proton moves inthe same direction as the protons translocated by Complexes I, II, and IV. Thus, the difference in pH between themitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space becomes smaller :

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Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P: The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If...

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pH and in the Chloroplast Proton-Motive Force (Integrates with Chapter 20.) In mitochondria, the membrane potential () contributes relatively more to p (proton-motive force) than does the pH gradient (pH). The reverse is true in chloroplasts. Why do you suppose that the proton-motive force in chloroplasts can depend more on pH than mitochondria can? Why is () less in chloroplasts than in mitochondria?
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and one molecule of (a) NADH (b) FADH2 (c) ATP (d) ADP (e) C6H12O6
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, an acetyl group from acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form (a) pyruvate (b) citrate (c) NADH (d) ATP (e) CO2
The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and ________ are produced. acetyl CoA; FAD, NAD acetyl CoA; FADH2; NADH pyruvate; NAD; FADH2 pyruvate; oxygen; oxaloacetate
Match the term with the best description. _____ mitochondrial matrix a. needed for glycolysis _____ pyruvate b. inner space _____ NAD+ c. makes many ATP _____ mitochondrion d. product of glycolysis _____ NADH e. reduced coenzyme _____ anaerobic f. no oxygen required
Assuming that the pH of the IMS is 1.4 units lower than the pH of the matrix, the free energy yield associated with the transport of a proton from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) to the mitochondrial matrix is △ G of the reaction is 8.310 KJmol-1 What is the minimum number of protons that must enter the mitochondrial membrane from the IMS in order to synthesize one molecule of ATP?
In phase II of ETS diagram and label the ATP synthase along with the inner mitochondrial membrane it is sitting in. Your diagram must show the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. Describe how it works step by step
True or false 1. H+ ions generated by the reactions in the electron transport chain, as well as H+ ions present in the matrix of the mitochondria are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space at three different sites. 2. The electron transport chain is a multistep process that relies on five enzyme systems, as well as mobile electron carriers. 3. Energy released from H+ movement in the electron transport chain fuels phosphorylation. 4. The convertion of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the electron chain is an example Fe3+ acting as an oxidizing agent. 5. The final stage of Electron Transport Chan is an anaerobic process.
Assuming that all the carbon skeleton of alanine is completely oxidized and released asCO2. How many ATPs will be produced (including all ATPs produced by both substrate-levelphosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation; please ignore the metabolism of nitrogen that isreleased from alanine)?a. 10b. 11.5c. 12.5d. 22.5e. Depending on which shuttle is used to transport NADH into mitochondria from cytosol
In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Chemical agents that cause this effect are called uncouplers. Explain how this could cause weight loss and also death. Considering the danger, is there any use for compounds like DNP or other uncouplers?
DRAW IT The graph here showsthe pH difference across theinner mitochondrial membraneover time in an actively respiringcell. At the time indicated by thevertical arrow, a metabolic poisonis added that specifically andcompletely inhibits all function ofmitochondrial ATP synthase. Drawwhat you would expect to see forthe rest of the graphed line, andexplain your graph.
A central tenet in mitochondrial bioenergetics is that exergonic electron transfer drives the creation of an electrical potential () across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This is entirely true. Another tenet of mitochondrial bioenergetics, that you will read everywhere, is that this electrical potential is created by three proton pumps, Complexes I, III and IV. This is less true. A proton pump is this: It’s a protein that binds a proton from one side of a membrane, translocates that very proton across the membrane, through the protein, and ejects it into solution on the other side of the membrane. Complex I is a proton pump, but we did not discuss complex I. Complex III is NOT a proton pump, yet it creates electrical potential across the IMM. It is an electron/proton charge separation device. Complex IV is both types of these devices. Fifty percent of the electrical potential that complex IV creates is as a proton pump. But, 50% of the electrical potential that complex IV…

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