Q: Why are exotoxins more potent than endotoxins?
A: A lot of endotoxins is expected to causes a disease and consequently, their intensity (potency)…
Q: How can activity of a hemolytic exotoxin be detected?
A: Introduction Toxins can be of two type on the basis of their secretion viz. Endotoxins and…
Q: Which one of the following is a potent neurotoxin? β-mercaptoethanol Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Non…
A: Potent means strong and Neurotoxin means a chemical substances that are toxic or poisonous to…
Q: Is Haemophilus influenzae a virus or bacteria?
A: Micro-organism are tiny organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye, but are visible under…
Q: How is an enterotoxin different from endotoxin?
A: Bacteria use various biochemicals as a defense against various drugs and the host immune system. It…
Q: What type of antiviral drugs are used for influenza virus infection? How does it work the drug?
A: The respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus is called influenza. It causes fever, severe…
Q: How does the germ theory apply to the COVID-19 pandemic? What do you think would have happened if we…
A: For many illnesses, the germ theory of disease is the widely scientifically accepted theory. It…
Q: What is the figure presents? What is the relation of this figure to human disease? What are the…
A: Atherosclerosis is a disease of the cardiovascular system. The condition may arise due to smoking,…
Q: What is the etymology (origin) of the word "vaccine"?
A: Answer- The "vaccine" word drived from latin Word VACCA mean cow According to World health…
Q: What is the Spanish Flu Pandemic?
A: It was one of the most deadliest pandemic of history that occurred in 1918. It caused due to an…
Q: Define 43-kDa connexin
A: Connexins are structurally associated transmembrane proteins that assemble to create gap junctions…
Q: Cholera toxin as an A-B toxin. What does that tell you about its structure?
A: Cholera is referred to as an acute infection that is caused because of the bacterium known as Vibrio…
Q: Identify the MISMATCH pair from the following, if any Group of answer choices some toxins ::::…
A: None of the above is a mismatch pair some toxins :::: helps bacteria scavenge iron from environment…
Q: Why doesn’t penicillin act against any eukaryotic pathogens
A: There are broadly two type of cell based on the structure and function: prokaryotic cells( form…
Q: Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by A. Calnexin B. BiP/Grp78 C. All of the…
A: The correct options are given below with explanation
Q: What do pathogenesis related proteins and phytoalexins have in common? How do they differ?
A: Pathogenesis related (PR) protein – These proteins are produced by plant in the event of pathogen…
Q: Which gene is the antitoxin gene that will allow the bacteria to survive in the presence of the…
A: ccd system is found in the bacteria. It stands for the control cell death system.
Q: Why is C-reactive protein used as an index disease serverity in Kawasaki patients
A: C-reactive protein is an annular pentameric protein which found in blood plasma.Increase in level of…
Q: Why are there so many deaths from influenza when it is generally a mild disease?
A: Influenza or more commonly known as flu is caused mostly by the Influenza A virus. The symptoms of…
Q: Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific…
A: Virus can be referred to as a genetic material enveloped by a protein coat that can infect and…
Q: Due to what the Bt toxin present in plant tissue as protoxin is converted into active toxin?
A: Pesticide is a chemical constituent which is used to kill the pest like insects which is harmful to…
Q: What is the germ theory of disease? why it is essential to the treatment of infectious diseases?
A: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are invisible to the naked eye. The microorganisms…
Q: Compare exotoxin from endotoxin based on the following features
A: Toxins are dangerous substances produced by live cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants made by…
Q: What are two reasons microbes will produce toxins?
A: Introduction :- Toxins produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa,…
Q: What is the molecular site of oligomycin action?
A: Oligomycin is a macrolide. It is produced naturally by Streptomyces. It is an inhibitor of the…
Q: What is the underlying molecular mechanism of action for the antibiotic novobiocin?
A: Novobiocin is an antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces niveus. It is also called cathomycin…
Q: What are endotoxins vs. exotoxins?
A: A toxic heat-stable lipopolysaccharide substance present in the outer membrane of gram-negative…
Q: Which type of toxin, when secreted, may lead to the disruption of the cells within the…
A: Enterotoxin
Q: What is the species of beta proteobacteria that causes rat-bite fever?
A: Rat-bite fever is an acute human illness that is caused by bacteria and transmitted by rodents. It…
Q: What is the major difference between common cold and flu? Why has no vaccine been developed for the…
A: Respiratory disorder causes several structural and functional alterations such as detachment of…
Q: What is the difference between an endotoxin and an exotoxin?
A: Nearly wherever we look, both within and outside of living things, there are microbes. Toxins…
Q: What is the normal bacterial flora? What is its role in defense?
A: Introduction :- A population of bacteria that lives on or in the body and has a special ecological…
Q: how does the Pitzer vaccine uses cellular machinery to make the cell SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
A: Spike proteins is a large type I transmembrane protein that is highly glycosylated as it contains…
Q: What are the mechanisms by which the attenuator forms when tryptophan levels are high and the…
A: Tryptophan is an amino acid. It is produced by many structural genes of an operon. An attenuator…
Q: Klebsiella Pneumoniae produces a capsule: How does klebsiella pneumonia contribute to the virulence…
A: Studies have recognised three factors that may mediate virulence: cell wall receptors, capsular…
Q: What is an inclusion body? Why is it important in the diagnosis of viral infections? For example,…
A: When a virus or any other disease-causing agent enters into a host cell such as a bacterial cell or…
Q: How does the germ theory apply to the Covid-19 pandemic? What do you think would have happened if we…
A: The germ theory for the disease is an accepted scientific theory that explains how diseases are…
Q: What are exotoxins and endotoxins and compare and contrast their major characteristics?
A: Bacteria and fungi are the two microbes that have found to cause several harmful diseases in the…
Q: What part of the Escherichia coli cell contains endotoxin?
A: E. coli (Escherichia coli), can be defined as the type of bacteria that resides in our intestines.…
Q: Is Catalase is a virulence factor?
A: Catalase is a compound which is present in the liver that separates harmful hydrogen peroxide into…
Q: Propose a simple model of Covid 19 which describes the four forms of disease. 1) Subclinical form,…
A: COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. It is spread by contaminated secretions such as saliva…
Q: What symptoms might a person have when infected with influenza A? influenza B? influenza C?
A: Influenza virus causes the infectious disease called flu. There are three different flu viruses that…
Q: What is Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ? Does it affect human ?
A: A neurodegenerative disorder is a nervous disease, which is caused due to progressive damage of the…
Q: What is meant by MAOA gene?
A: The MAOA gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A.
Q: Given that there is currently no cure for mad cow disease, what is likely to be the most effective…
A: Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a contagious neurodegenerative disease…
Q: esides mosquitoes, what other organisms are known to be affected by Tetramethrin and…
A: Tetramethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with a broad spectrum of activity. Pyrethroids…
Q: COVID 19 - cause respiratory distress and/ or intestinal distress?
A: The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes Coronavirus Illness (COVID-19), an infectious disease. The majority of…
Q: For a bacterial exotoxin with a typical A-B type toxin structure, removal of the A portion of the…
A: Introduction A toxin is a substance that is created by the human body or any other living entity.…
What part of the connexin molecule encodes functional specificity and how do these specificities differ from connexin to connexin?
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- Define 43-kDa connexinWhat are the immune responses to viral infections? What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic? The “Spanish Flu” in 1918 was caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. What do the “H” and “N” stand for?How does the germ theory apply to the COVID-19 pandemic? What do you think would have happened if we have no knowledge of the existence of microorganisms? Explain.
- What phrases do the CDC and other leading officials now use to describe the risk of contracting COVID-19 through surfaces?During gap junction formation, connexons in neighboring cells become tightly connected through extensive noncovalent interactions of __________. a) connexin subunit intracellular domainsb) connexin subunit extracellular domainsc) connexin carbohydratesd) connexin lipidse) polynucleotidesHow can we experimentally prove that enterotoxin (A-B cholera toxin) is the sole cause of clinical symptoms of Cholera?
- How is host cell lysis triggered after bacteriophage invasion? What are the outcomes to bacterial host physiology if the bacteriophage undergoes the lysogenic cycle?How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular immuneresponse activated in case ofchronic viral infection?Why are certain anti-bacterial agents more effective at killing bacteria?
- What is an inclusion body? Why is it important in the diagnosis of viral infections? For example, which of these bodies is examined in diagnosing rabies and briefly describe the test for detecting bodies.In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?What type of antiviral drugs are used for influenza virus infection? How does it work the drug?